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Botulinum toxin injections are an effective, well-established treatment to manage synkinesis secondary to chronic facial palsy, but they entail painful injections at multiple sites on the face up to four times per year. Cutaneous cooling has long been recognised to provide an analgesic effect for cutaneous procedures, but evidence to date has been anecdotal or weak. This randomised controlled trial aims to assess the analgesic efficacy of cutaneous cooling using a cold gel pack versus a room-temperature Control.

The analgesic efficacy of a 1-min application of a Treatment cold (3-5°C) gel pack versus a Control (room-temperature (20°C)) gel pack prior to botulinum toxin injection into the platysma was assessed via visual analogue scale (VAS) ratings of pain before, during and after the procedure.

Thirty-five patients received both trial arms during two separate clinic appointments. Cold gel packs provided a statistically significant reduction in pain compared with a room-temperature Control (from 26.4- to 10.2-mm VAS improvement (p<0.001)), with no variance noted secondary to age, the hemi-facial side injected or the order in which the Treatment or Control gel packs were applied.

Cryoanalgesia using a fridge-cooled gel pack provides an effective, safe and cheap method for reducing pain at the botulinum toxin injection site in patients with facial palsy.

Cryoanalgesia using a fridge-cooled gel pack provides an effective, safe and cheap method for reducing pain at the botulinum toxin injection site in patients with facial palsy.A new p-n heterojunction photocatalyst has been synthesized successfully through chemical-bond-mediated combination of coordination polymer nanoplates (CPNPs) and partially reduced graphene oxide (PRGO) with a simple colloidal blending process. Photocatalytic H2 production by the p-n heterojunction photocatalyst PRGO/CPNP was investigated under visible-light irradiation, which illustrates that PRGO/CPNP exhibits a much higher photocatalytic H2 production rate than neat the CPNPs. The improvement of this photocatalytic property can be attributed to the inner electrical field formed in the p-n heterojunction, which impedes recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes. In PRGO/CPNP, the existence of the p-n heterojunction has been confirmed by electrochemical methods clearly. For PRGO/CPNP, the reductive degree of the PRGO has a great influence on the H2 production rate and an ideal condition to get a PRGO/CPNP photocatalyst with higher performance has been obtained.

G1 electrode placement at the distal wrist crease during the median orthodromic palmar nerve conduction study (NCS) could result in a false negative study if compression is more proximal.

In this study we aimed to determine the effect of median G1 electrode placement on distal latencies and amplitudes. Methods Median orthodromic palmar NCS was performed with the G1 electrode at the wrist crease and 2 cm proximal, stimulating 8 cm distal to G1. The difference in the distal latencies and amplitudes between the 2 recording sites was calculated.

In 26 controls and 25 carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) patients, the mean proximal-distal latency difference and percent amplitude decrease (distal vs. proximal) was -0.085 ms/53% (controls) and -0.072 ms/45% (CTS).

Distal latency is not significantly affected by G1 placement in the median orthodromic palmar NCS, but the amplitudes are nearly twice as high when G1 is placed 2 cm proximal to the wrist crease.

Distal latency is not significantly affected by G1 placement in the median orthodromic palmar NCS, but the amplitudes are nearly twice as high when G1 is placed 2 cm proximal to the wrist crease.

Gestational diabetes is associated with a high risk of type 2 diabetes. However, progression rates among Indigenous women in Australia who experience high prevalence of gestational diabetes are unknown.

This retrospective cohort study includes all births to women at a regional hospital in Far North Queensland, Australia, coded as having 'gestational diabetes' from 1 January 2004 to 31 December 2010 (1098 births) and receiving laboratory postpartum screening from 1 January 2004 to 31 December 2011 (n = 483 births). Women who did not receive postpartum screening were excluded from the denominator. Data were linked between hospital electronic records, routinely collected birth data and laboratories, with sample validation by reviews of medical records. Analysis was conducted using Cox-proportional regression models.

Indigenous women had a greater than fourfold risk of developing type 2 diabetes within 8 years of having gestational diabetes, compared with non-Indigenous women (hazards ratio 4.55, 95% confidght © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This study demonstrates that, compared with non-Indigenous women, Indigenous Australian women have a greater than fourfold risk of developing type 2 diabetes after gestational diabetes. Strategies are urgently needed to reduce rates of type 2 diabetes by supporting a healthy weight and breastfeeding and to improve postpartum screening among Indigenous women with gestational diabetes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.The first chemo- and site-selective process for the formation of N-aryl-carbamates from cyclic organic carbonates and aromatic amines is reported. The reactions proceed smoothly under extremely mild reaction conditions using TBD (triazabicyclodecene) as an effective and cheap organocatalyst, thus providing a sustainable and new methodology for the formation of a wide variety of useful N-aryl carbamate synthons in good to excellent yields. Computational investigations have been performed and show the underlying reason for the observed unique reactivity as related to an effective proton-relay mechanism mediated by the bicyclic guanidine base.Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is a common painful, ulcerative oral inflammatory disorder with unknown aetiology. Immune system and aberrant cytokine cascade deemed to be critical in outbreaks of RAS ulcers. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) and IL-6 are the most potent pro-inflammatory cytokines. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of IL-1 and IL-6 genes can affect the secretion of these cytokines. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between RAS and IL-6 and IL-1 in Iranian subjects with minor RAS. Genomic DNA was obtained from 64 Iranian patients with RAS. IL-1α C -889 T, IL-1β C -511 T, IL-1β C +3962 T, IL-1R C pst-I 1970 T, IL-1Ra C Mspa-I11100 T, IL-6 C -174 G and IL-6 A nt +565 G polymorphisms were determined using polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP). The frequency of C -174 C genotype in the patients group was significantly different from the healthy control. No other significant differences were found in genotype and alleles frequencies between the two groups. These results indicate that certain SNPs of IL-6 gene at position -174 which located in promoter have association with predisposition of individuals to RAS.To assess whether the species distinctions of Lake Tana's Labeobarbus spp. are supported by genetic information, microsatellite markers were used. A total of 376 Labeobarbus spp., belonging to 24 populations of 11 species from three regions of the lake (north, south and east), were sampled. Eight microsatellite markers were analysed. In general, differences between conspecific populations were smaller than differences between populations of different species. For six species, conspecific populations from different regions in the lake were consistently more similar than populations of other species from the same region. For four species this was not the case, while for one species two populations were similar, but different from the third population. River-spawning species appeared to be more distinct than presumed lake spawners. On the species level, there was a significant correlation between genetic and morphological differentiation, especially in morphological aspects associated with ecological functioning. This suggests that genetic differentiation arose together with adaptive radiation, although the overall genetic differentiation among the Lake Tana Labeobarbus spp. is small.Eosinophilic fasciitis (EF) is a rare connective tissue disease characterized by symmetrical and painful swelling with a progressive induration and thickening of the skin and soft tissues. The diagnosis of EF is often based on the association of characteristic skin or subcutaneous abnormalities and a thickened fascia with an inflammatory infiltration, mostly composed of lymphocytes and eosinophils. A peripheral eosinophilia is frequently present (60-90%) but is not mandatory for the EF diagnosis. At the onset, the morphological diagnosis might be helped by a muscle magnetic resonance imaging, which typically may evidence an increased signal intensity within the fascia and marked fascia enhancement after gadolinium administration at the acute phase of the disease. Differential diagnoses include eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome after L-tryprophane ingestion, hypereosinophilic syndromes (HES), systemic sclerosis, eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangeitis, and peripheral T cell lymphomas with cutaneous involvement. There is no consensual therapeutic strategy. However, oral corticosteroids, with or without methylprednisolone pluses, remain the mainstay treatment with a significant improvement for the majority of patients. It might be associated to an immunosuppressive drug, mainly methotrexate, in patients with morphea-like lesions or an unsatisfactory response to corticosteroids alone.A bond polarizability algorithm was developed and applied to interpret the Raman optical activity (ROA) intensity. It is demonstrated that for the chiral molecule such as S(+)2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-4-methanol there exists approximate (or symmetry breaking) mirror reflection that reverses the signs of the differential bond polarizabilities of the pair bond coordinates that are related to each other by the mirror reflection, just like that between the right and left enantiomers. The magnitude difference of the differential bond polarizabilities of the pair bond coordinates becomes smaller as they are farther away from the asymmetric atom. Hence, that the asymmetric atom (center) plays a central role in ROA is confirmed from a spectroscopic viewpoint. Meanwhile, the concept of intramolecular enantiomerism is proposed.The Cerrado is a wide Neotropical savanna with tremendously high endemic diversity. click here Yet, it is not clear what the prevalent processes leading to such diversification are. We used the Cerrado-endemic lizard Norops meridionalis to investigate the main abiotic factors that promoted genetic divergence, the timings of these divergence events, and how these relate to cryptic diversity in the group. We sequenced mitochondrial and nuclear genes from 21 sites of N. meridionalis to generate species tree, divergence time estimations, and estimate species limits. We also performed population-level analysis and estimated distribution models to test the roles of niche conservatism and divergence in the group diversification. We found that N. meridionalis is composed by at least five cryptic species. Divergence time estimations suggest that the deepest branches split back into the early-mid Miocene, when most of the geophysical activity of the Cerrado took place. The deep divergences found in N. meridionalis suggest that beta anoles invaded South America much earlier than previously thought.