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Competency in multiple endoscopic techniques is a major goal of small animal internal medicine (SAIM) residency programs. Training relies predominantly on mentored supervision of procedures performed on patients. Supplementation of this apprenticeship model with classroom sessions and hands-on laboratories can be advantageous to trainees and patients. Few veterinary resources describe supplemental training options, and no single source exists for mentors to consult for program development. The purpose of this study was to describe the supplemental training opportunities currently available to SAIM residents at academic hospitals in the US and Canada and to compare their timing during the residency, resident and faculty time commitment, and perceived helpfulness. Data were collected by an electronic survey distributed to one faculty member per institution. The response rate was 80% (24/30). Most programs (22/24; 92%) offered some form of supplemental training, including classroom sessions (9/24), and hands-on laboratories using physical models (7/24), virtual reality simulators (2/24), and cadaver (2/24) and anesthetized (2/24) dogs. Fifteen programs provided residents with the opportunity to attend external endoscopy workshops. Only three programs required any training prior to residents performing procedures on patients. There was considerable variability in training between programs, precluding statistical comparisons. The survey identified topics for classroom sessions and several inexpensive physical models, rated very or extremely helpful, that would be suitable for programs with limited budgets. A human-based virtual reality simulator was also rated highly by two programs. Comprehensive, external workshops evoked numerous positive comments with perceived value ranging from somewhat to extremely helpful.Printed use of the term heterosexuality, as juxtaposed to homosexuality, may be dated to 1871. The German noun pairs Heterosexualität/Homosexualität and adjective pair heterosexuelle/homosexuelle, appeared in two 1871 nonfiction works by hack writer Daniel von Kászony (1813-1886), picking up on Károly Mária Kertbeny's terminology. see more Kertbeny juxtaposed heterosexual-homosexual in 1868 correspondence but refrained from using the former term in his two famed 1869 open letters to repeal Prussian anti-sodomy legislation. Printed use of the term homosexual may be dated to 1868 or early 1869, by a pseudonymous author that is almost certainly Kászony.A positive LGBTQ+ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender/nonbinary, queer) workplace climate is critical for healthcare employee satisfaction, productivity, and patient care. The current study assessed LGBTQ+ workplace climate among 791 employees from a large urban pediatric hospital. Several workplace climate domains were assessed in an online survey employee attitudes, training, experiences related to working with LGBTQ+ colleagues, patients and families, and LGBTQ+-specific experiences. For most domains, half or more of respondents perceived an affirming LGBTQ+ climate. LGBTQ+ employees perceived a less affirming climate than cisgender heterosexual employees. LGBTQ+ employees, especially transgender/nonbinary employees, experienced numerous discriminatory situations. Over 90% of participants felt competent and qualified to work with LGB patients/families; 80% felt competent and qualified to work with TNB patients/families. Themes from open-ended survery responses reflected three LGBTQ+ climate components systemic, interpersonal, and "grassroots" (affinity group) initiatives. Findings inform strategies to improve LGBTQ+ employee experiences and competency caring for LGBTQ+ patients and families.Clinical neurology can be difficult for veterinary students to comprehend, and part of understanding the clinical aspect is performing a proper neurologic examination. In this study, first-year veterinary students in a Small Animal Physical Exam and Anatomy rotation were given supplemental learning activities to determine their effect on student procedural knowledge and motivation in performing a neurologic examination. Students were randomly assigned to one of three groups the first watched a video of a clinician performing the neurologic examination, the second read a handout about the neurologic exam, and the third was the control group, where students were not provided any supplemental activities. At the start and end of the rotation, students participated in a survey assessing their overall procedural knowledge and motivation to learn about the neurologic exam. No notable improvement occurred in overall student knowledge from the beginning to end of the rotation, nor when using supplemental material (p > .05). However, there was a significant difference in quiz scores between the three condition groups (p less then .01), suggesting the type of learning activity did influence student learning. Additionally, students in the video and reading groups showed a significant increase in motivational scores compared with those in the control group (p less then .05), demonstrating providing supplemental learning activities do improve student motivation in learning about the neurologic examination. This study provides evidence that while supplemental materials may not immediately help veterinary students learn to perform the neurologic examination, they do have a positive impact on students' learning motivation.Intra-articular injections are routinely performed to alleviate pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis in horses. Intra-articular injections require accurate needle placement to optimize clinical outcomes and minimize complications. This study's objectives were to develop and validate a three-dimensional (3D) printed model of an equine cervical articular process joint to teach ultrasound-guided injections. Five identical models of an equine cervical articular process joint were 3D printed and embedded in 10% ballistic gelatin. Experts' and novices' ability to successfully insert a needle into the joint space of the model using ultrasound guidance was assessed and graded using an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE). Scores from experts and novices were compared to evaluate the construct validity of the model. Participants also answered a survey assessing the face and content validity of the model. Experts required less time (22.51 seconds) for correct needle placement into the model joint space than novices (35.