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Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a prevalent and debilitating condition. First-line treatments include antidepressants and cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy (CBT). However, several patients present treatment-resistance and/or adverse effects. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), a noninvasive neuromodulation technique, is an effective alternative for MDD.

We hereby review a portable tDCS device designed to be combined with a cognitive-behavioral intervention. This home-use device was developed by Flow Neuroscience™ and was recently approved in the UK and European Union. We discuss present evidence on tDCS efficacy and safety, both as a monotherapy and as a combined treatment. Moreover, we show a computer modeling tDCS procedure based on Flow parameters and montage.

Electric field simulations revealed that Flow's tDCS device targets prefrontal cortical areas involved in MDD pathophysiology. In addition, the safety and efficacy profile revealed from prior tDCS studies support its use in depression. Finally, combining tDCS with cognitive-behavioral interventions might further enhance overall efficacy, although this aspect should be investigated in upcoming randomized, placebo-controlled trials.

Electric field simulations revealed that Flow's tDCS device targets prefrontal cortical areas involved in MDD pathophysiology. In addition, the safety and efficacy profile revealed from prior tDCS studies support its use in depression. Finally, combining tDCS with cognitive-behavioral interventions might further enhance overall efficacy, although this aspect should be investigated in upcoming randomized, placebo-controlled trials.Grey mold, caused by the fungus Botrytis cinerea Pers ex Fr., is one of the most destructive spoilage diseases, severely affecting tomato production in Henan Province, China. Spraying fungicides from the flowering to the harvest stage is a necessary measure to reduce losses associated with B. cinerea infection. However, B. cinerea has developed resistance to fungicides in many countries. Boscalid is a succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicide, and was registered for the control of grey mold. In this study, a total of 269 B. cinerea isolates were collected from tomato in commercial greenhouses in different locations of Henan Province, in 2014 and 2015. The sensitivity and resistance of B. cinerea field isolates were determined based on mycelial growth. The effective concentration 50 (EC50) ranged from 0.11 to 15.92 μg ml-1 and 0.16 to 8.54 μg ml-1, in 2014 and 2015, respectively. The frequency of low resistance to boscalid was 12.6% and 7.6%, and moderate resistance were 2.7% and 1.3%, in 2014 and 201erea isolates to boscalid. Therefore, we speculate the simultaneous point mutations in the sdhC gene may not be related to the resistance of B. cinerea to boscalid. These results suggested that there might be a substitution mechanism for the resistance of B. cinerea to the SDHI fungicide boscalid.American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) is a perennial herb whose dried roots are used for health care products, medicine, and food in China (Yuan et al. 2010). Shandong Province is the main area growing American ginseng and contributes more than 50% of the production in China. Wendeng city, located in the east of Shandong Peninsula, is the primary production area of American ginseng in Shandong Province since it has four distinct seasons, sufficient light, loose soil (pH 5.5～7.0), and with thus a similar geographical environment and climate conditions to the American ginseng production area of the United States and Canada. In March 2016, 2-year old American ginseng plants that were planted directly into the ground in the greenhouses in Wendeng city, contained up to 6-10% stunted plants. Water-soaked lesions were observed on the crowns and the tips of fine roots. The leaves of the infected plants became scalded, dark green starting at the top of the plants and gradually move downward. Moreover, the leaves and entical morphologically and by DNA sequence analysis to the original isolate. To our knowledge, this is the first report of root rot on American ginseng caused by P. spinosum in China and worldwide. Identification of the pathogen will assist in devising strategies to protect this important medicine plant from the pathogen, and to prevent yield losses.Dandelion (Taraxacum mongolicum) is a perennial herb of the family Asteraceae, with a high edible and medicinal value and widely grown at medium and low altitudes in China. In July 2019, purple spot of dandelion was found in a field near Harbin City, Heilongjiang province, China. The disease incidence regionally reached 95% in fields with yield losses between 10 and 20%, seriously reducing the economic and food value of dandelion. Multiple, irregular brown spots were first observed on the leaves of this plant- that later developed into circular or near-circular purple spots with raised centers, or purple lesions along the veins. When the leaf spots coalesced, the value of the commodity was lost. To isolate the pathogen, 5 × 5 mm pieces of leaf tissue from the margins of lesions were surface disinfected in 75% alcohol, rinsed in distilled water, and incubated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates at 28℃ until sporulation. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/nd-630.html Using single-spore isolation, a pure culture (YY-1) was obtained with abundant grayish whiidity. After 10 days, similar symptoms were observed on plants inoculated with YY-1, while control plants did not produce symptoms. The pathogen was reisolated from the inoculated leaves and identified by morphological and molecular methods as A. tenuissima. To our knowledge, this is the first report of A. tenuissima causing purple spot on T. mongolicum in China.Background Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is characterized by growth of smooth muscle-like cells in the lungs that spread to other organs via lymphatic vessels. Current oral rapamycin treatment is limited by low bioavailability of approximately 15%. Aim The effect of inhaled rapamycin solid lipid nanoparticles (Rapa-SLNs) size on its penetration through the lymphatics. Method Three Rapa-SLN formulations (200-1000 nm) were produced and assessed for particle characteristics and further for toxicity and performance in vitro. Results Rapa-SLNs of 200 nm inhibited proliferation in TSC2-negative mouse embryonic fibroblast cells and penetrated the respiratory epithelium and lymphatic endothelium significantly faster compared with free rapamycin and larger Rapa-SLNs. Conclusion Rapa-SLN approximately 200 nm allows efficient entry of rapamycin into the lymphatic system and is therefore a promising treatment for LAM patients.