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y will be shared through online blogs, policy briefs, seminars and peer-reviewed journal articles and will be used to modify the current strategy of gastric cancer survivors' follow-up services according to economic development and regional culture.

To estimate the frequency of chronic conditions and geriatric syndromes in older patients admitted to hospital because of an exacerbation of their chronic conditions, and to identify multimorbidity clusters in these patients.

Multicentre, prospective cohort study.

Internal medicine or geriatric services of five general teaching hospitals in Spain.

740 patients aged 65 and older, hospitalised because of an exacerbation of their chronic conditions between September 2016 and December 2018.

Active chronic conditions and geriatric syndromes (including risk factors) of the patient, a score about clinical management of chronic conditions during admission, and destination at discharge were collected, among other variables. Multimorbidity patterns were identified using fuzzy c-means cluster analysis, taking into account the clinical management score. Prevalence, observed/expected ratio and exclusivity of each chronic condition and geriatric syndrome were calculated for each cluster, and the final solution wausters are clinically relevant and could be the basis to reorganise healthcare circuits or processes to tackle the increasing number of older, multimorbid patients.

NCT02830425.

NCT02830425.

Over the last 20 years, new contraceptive methods became available and incentives to increase contraceptive uptake were introduced. We aimed to describe temporal trends in non-barrier contraceptive prescribing in UK primary care for the period 2000-2018.

A repeated cross-sectional study using patient data from the IQVIA Medical Research Data (IMRD) database. The proportion (95% CI) of women prescribed non-barrier contraception per year was captured.

A total of 2 705 638 women aged 15-49 years were included. Between 2000 and 2018, the proportion of women prescribed combined hormonal contraception (CHC) fell from 26.2% (26.0%-26.3%) to 14.3% (14.2%-14.3%). Prescriptions for progestogen-only pills (POPs) and long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) rose from 4.3% (4.3%-4.4%) to 10.8% (10.7%-10.9%) and 4.2% (4.1%-4.2%) to 6.5% (6.5%-6.6%), respectively. Comparing 2018 data for most deprived versus least deprived areas, women from the most deprived areas were more likely to be prescribed LARC (7.7% (7.5%-take, highlighting the need for further intervention to target this at-risk group.

The COVID-19 pandemic has reduced the accessibility to hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) tests required for virtual diabetes clinics. The aim was to develop and validate a user-friendly postal system for remote HbA1c monitoring.

Validation A total of 123 capillary blood samples from people with diabetes (PWD) needing face-to-face consultations along with healthy volunteers were measured on a point-of-care (POC) Siemens DCA Vantage Analyzer. Another sample of 5-10 drops was simultaneously collected in a K2EDTA tube (BD Microtainer) and stored for up to 12 days at room temperature for subsequent retesting. Feasibility During October to December 2020, a total of 286 postal HbA1c kits were sent to PWD prior to their virtual consultation. learn more These contained sample collection guidance, the necessary equipment and a feedback form. As per Packing Instruction 650 regulations, these were posted back to the diabetes center for HbA1c testing on the POC analyzer.

There was a strong correlation between the first and the stored sample (R

=0.978). There was a small clinically insignificant negative bias -1.53 mmol/mol (2 SD = 3.10 mmol/mol). Bland-Altman plots showed 93% of results within 2 SD. Of the 87% of returned kits, only one sample failed to be analyzed. 94% of PWD who provided feedback were happy to use the postal HbA1c system again.

A robust user-friendly postal HbA1c system has been created and successfully integrated into clinical practice using the existing POC equipment at the diabetes center. It provides accurate HbA1c results and is an invaluable tool for remote monitoring of HbA1c in PWD-both during and after the pandemic.

A robust user-friendly postal HbA1c system has been created and successfully integrated into clinical practice using the existing POC equipment at the diabetes center. It provides accurate HbA1c results and is an invaluable tool for remote monitoring of HbA1c in PWD-both during and after the pandemic.

We aimed to investigate whether the proportion of undiagnosed diabetes varies by socioeconomic status and healthcare consumption, in a Norwegian population screened with glycated hemoglobin (HbA

).

In this cohort study, we studied age-standardized diabetes prevalence using data from men and women aged 40-89 years participating in four surveys of the Tromsø Study with available data on HbA

and self-reported diabetes 1994-1995 (n=6720), 2001 (n=5831), 2007-2008 (n=11 987), and 2015-2016 (n=20 170). We defined undiagnosed diabetes as HbA

≥6.5% (48 mmol/mol) and no self-reported diabetes. We studied the association of education, income and contact with a general practitioner on undiagnosed diabetes and estimated adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) from multivariable adjusted (age, sex, body mass index) log-binomial regression.

Higher education was associated with lower prevalence of diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes. Those with secondary and tertiary education had lower prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes (aPR for tertiary vs primary 0.54, 95% CI 0.44 to 0.66). Undiagnosed as a proportion of all diabetes was also significantly lower in those with tertiary education (aPR0.78, 95% CI 0.65 to 0.93). Household income was also negatively associated with prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes. Across the surveys, approximately 80% of those with undiagnosed diabetes had been in contact with a general practitioner the last year, similar to those without diabetes.

Undiagnosed diabetes was lower among participants with higher education. The hypothesis that those with undiagnosed diabetes had been less in contact with a general practitioner was not supported.

Undiagnosed diabetes was lower among participants with higher education. The hypothesis that those with undiagnosed diabetes had been less in contact with a general practitioner was not supported.

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is higher in peripheral artery disease (PAD) than in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients, and PAD overall confers higher cardiovascular risk than CAD. How cardiovascular risk compares between PAD and CAD patients when analyses are stratified by the presence of type 2 diabetes is unclear and is addressed in the present study.

We prospectively recorded major cardiovascular events (MACE; ie, cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction or stroke) over 10.0±4.7 years in 923 patients with stable CAD, of whom 26.7% had T2DM and in 292 patients with PAD, of whom 42.1% had T2DM. Four groups were analyzed CAD patients without diabetes (CAD/T2DM-; n=677), CAD patients with T2DM (CAD/T2DM+; n=246), PAD patients without diabetes (PAD/T2DM-; n=169) and PAD patients with T2DM (PAD/T2DM+; n=123).

The event rate for MACE increased over our four investigated groups it was lowest in CAD/T2DM- patients (2.52 events per 100 person-years). It was significantly higher in CAD/T2DM+ patients (3.96 events per 100 person-years; p<0.001), in PAD/T2DM- patients (3.68 events per 100 person-years; p=0.022), and in PAD/T2DM+ patients (7.10 events per 100 person-years; p<0.001), who in turn were at a higher risk than CAD/T2DM+ or PAD/T2DM- patients (p=0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). Cox regression analysis after multivariate adjustment showed that the presence of T2DM (HR=1.44 (95% CI 1.09 to 1.92); p=0.012) and the presence of PAD versus CAD (HR=1.48 (95% CI 1.15 to 1.91); p=0.002) were mutually independent predictors of cardiovascular events.

In conclusion, our data show that T2DM as well as the presence of PAD versus CAD are mutually independent predictors of MACE. Patients with both PAD and T2DM are at an exceedingly high risk of cardiovascular events.

In conclusion, our data show that T2DM as well as the presence of PAD versus CAD are mutually independent predictors of MACE. Patients with both PAD and T2DM are at an exceedingly high risk of cardiovascular events.

A potential role for the orphan G protein-coupled receptor, GPR21, in linking immune cell infiltration into tissues and obesity-induced insulin resistance has been proposed, although limited studies in mice are complicated by non-selective deletion of

.

We hypothesized that a

-selective knockout mouse model, coupled with type 2 diabetes patient samples, would clarify these issues and enable clear assessment of GPR21 as a potential therapeutic target.

High-fat feeding studies in

mice revealed improved glucose tolerance and modest changes in inflammatory gene expression.

monocytes and intraperitoneal macrophages had selectively impaired chemotactic responses to monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, despite unaltered expression of

. Further genotypic analysis revealed that chemotactic impairment was due to dysregulated monocyte polarization. Patient samples revealed elevated

expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in type 2 diabetes, which was correlated with both %HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose levels.

Collectively, human and mouse data suggest that GPR21 influences both glucose homeostasis and MCP-1/CCL2-CCR2-driven monocyte migration. However, a

bone marrow transplantation and high-fat feeding study in mice revealed no effect on glucose homeostasis, suggesting that there is no (or limited) overlap in the mechanism involved for monocyte-driven inflammation and glucose homeostasis.

Collectively, human and mouse data suggest that GPR21 influences both glucose homeostasis and MCP-1/CCL2-CCR2-driven monocyte migration. However, a Gpr21-/- bone marrow transplantation and high-fat feeding study in mice revealed no effect on glucose homeostasis, suggesting that there is no (or limited) overlap in the mechanism involved for monocyte-driven inflammation and glucose homeostasis.Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) has become an invaluable tool in healthcare, improving the diagnosis of disease and the quality, efficacy, assessment and safety of treatment across a range of pathologies. CPET's superior ability to measure the global exercise response of the respiratory, cardiovascular and skeletal muscle systems simultaneously in a time and cost-efficient manner has led to the application of CPET in a range of settings from diagnosis of disease to preoperative assessment. The Association for Respiratory Technology and Physiology Statement on Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing 2021 provides the practitioner and scientist with an outstanding resource to support and enhance practice, from equipment to testing to leadership, helping them deliver a quality assured service for the benefit of all patient groups.

The successful integration of patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) into a traditional pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) programme has previously been reported. Our aim was to reconfigure both our cardiac rehabilitation (CR) and PR services to enable us to deliver a symptom-based programme-breathlessness rehabilitation (BR), for patients with a primary symptom of breathlessness irrespective of the index diagnosis, or comorbid disease.

After a service redesign process, patients attended a two times per week, group-based, tailored exercise and education programme for 6 weeks, delivered by CR and PR staff. The classes included both aerobic and resistance exercises and an overarching generic education programme alongside disease-specific components. Home programmes were reviewed at each session to facilitate progress and influence changes in exercise behaviour beyond the supervised programme. Generic clinical outcome measures were performed pre and post BR.Staff focus groups were conducted to identify barriers and facilitators and explore staff perceptions.