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Since 1998 Poland has endorsed measles elimination programme which is coordinated by the World Health Organization (WHO). To accomplish measles elimination in the country, achievement of vaccination coverage at 95% in the population is needed, as is the monitoring of the epidemiological situation, i.e. reporting on cases suspected of measles and conducting laboratory diagnostics in WHO Reference Laboratory. Polish Reference Laboratory is located at the Department of Virology NIPH-NIH.

The aim of the article is to analyze the epidemiological situation of measles in Poland in 2018 with presenting the measles vaccination coverage and the progress of the measles elimination programme in Poland.

The epidemiological situation of measles in Poland was analyzed on the basis of the case-based questionnaires of cases suspected of measles sent to NIPH-NIH by the Sanitary and Epidemiological Stations, data from the publications "Infectious diseases and poisonings in Poland in 2018" and "Vaccinations in Poland in 2018".

In 2018, 359 cases of measles were notified to the surveillance system in Poland (incidence 2.94 per 100 000 population). The highest incidence was observed in the age 1 and was estimated at 4.06 per 100 000 population. Out of all cases, 209 (58.2%) were hospitalized. No fatal cases due to the measles were reported. In 2018 the maintenance of high vaccination coverage among children aged 2 and 12 years old was observed - from 92.9% to 99.3% (primary vaccination, children born in 2008-2016) and from 92.4% to 97.8% (booster vaccination, children born in 2005-2010).

The epidemiological situation of measles in 2018 in comparison with the situation in 2017, has deteriorated. This was a trend in throughout Europe.

The epidemiological situation of measles in 2018 in comparison with the situation in 2017, has deteriorated. This was a trend in throughout Europe.

Rubella is the disease subject to the elimination programme coordinated by the World Health Organization (WHO). Generally, rubella is an infection of mild course among children but in the case of pregnant women, who are not immunized, the probability of the occurrence of severe congenital abnormalities (congenital rubella syndrome) may amount to 95%. The strategy of the countries belonging to the WHO European Region is directed to the interruption of the rubella virus transmission in the environment in order to prevent the cases of congenital rubella syndrome (CRS).

The aims of the present article are to analyze the epidemiological situation of rubella in Poland in 2018 and to discuss the rubella vaccination coverage.

The epidemiological situation of rubella in Poland was analyzed on the basis of publications "Infectious diseases and poisonings in Poland in 2018" and "Vaccinations in Poland in 2018".

In 2018, there was a decrease in the number of rubella cases - with registered 437 cases (in 2017 - 476 cases) - and a decline in incidence (from 1.2 per 100 000 to 1.1). The highest incidence rate, regardless of gender and the environment, was observed among children aged 0-4 years (9.8 per 100,000). In 2018, no cases of congenital rubella syndrome were registered.

In 2018, there was a decrease in the number of rubella cases. In Poland Rubella is reported exclusively on the basis of the clinical picture. The proportion of laboratory tests confirming/excluding rubella infection is still very low in Poland.

In 2018, there was a decrease in the number of rubella cases. In Poland Rubella is reported exclusively on the basis of the clinical picture. The proportion of laboratory tests confirming/excluding rubella infection is still very low in Poland.Healthcare professionals are legally obliged to make reasonable adjustments to ensure that people, including those with learning disabilities, can access appropriate and timely care. However, although people with learning disabilities are high users of general health services, staff have little understanding of learning disability with a negative effect on patient experience and outcomes. This article explores some of the challenges experienced by people with learning disabilities in the emergency department (ED). Each section focuses on a different aspect of how to adjust the delivery of healthcare to meet their needs, along with exercises to ensure those adjustments have been understood and to provide practical learning outcomes. Doramapimod Personal stories are also used to identify examples of when and where these adjustments could have been used to provide equal healthcare in the ED.

In the paediatric emergency department (PED), it is important to correctly prioritize children for physician assessment. The pediatric early warning score (PEWS), although not a triage tool, is often used for PED triage. The scandinavian Rapid Emergency Triage and Treatment System-pediatric (RETTS-p) is a reliability tested triage tool. We aimed to compare PEWS and RETTS-p in a Norwegian PED.

A reliability study.

The PED nurse routinely did PEWS observations, while the principal investigator concomitantly made RETTS-p observations. Inter-tool agreement was calculated for the complete PEWS and RETTS-p and for vital signs scores, disregarding the RETTS-p emergency symptoms and signs (ESS).

Rapid Emergency Triage and Treatment System-pediatric assigned a higher urgency than PEWS. The inter-tool agreement between PEWS and RETTS-p was low (weighted kappa [95% confidence interval [CI]=0.32 [0.24-0.40]]). Weighted kappa (95% CI) was 0.50 (0.41-0.59) for PEWS and RETTS-p without ESS, indicating that PEWS is not equivalent to five-level triage tools.

Rapid Emergency Triage and Treatment System-pediatric assigned a higher urgency than PEWS. The inter-tool agreement between PEWS and RETTS-p was low (weighted kappa [95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.32 [0.24-0.40]]). Weighted kappa (95% CI) was 0.50 (0.41-0.59) for PEWS and RETTS-p without ESS, indicating that PEWS is not equivalent to five-level triage tools.

To compare the effects of flipped classroom and traditional auditorium lectures, on nursing students' examination results in bioscience.

An educational intervention study.

All the first-year students in the bachelor programme (N=493) were entered into a database and randomly assigned to the intervention or the control group in a course in bioscience. The outcome measures are the proportion of students who passed the examination, and the distribution of grades from A to E. Chi-square tests and Mann-Whitney Wilcoxon test were used. The odds to pass versus fail were modelled using binary logistic regression.

The proportion of students who did not pass the final examination was very similar in the intervention and the control groups, 21.4% and 23.6% (p=.574). Our data did not reveal any statistically significant differences concerning the distribution of grades (p=.691). Students with biology and/or natural science had higher odds for passing.

The proportion of students who did not pass the final examination was very similar in the intervention and the control groups, 21.4% and 23.6% (p = .574). Our data did not reveal any statistically significant differences concerning the distribution of grades (p = .691). Students with biology and/or natural science had higher odds for passing.

To explore UK professionals' interpretations of medicines optimization and expansion of nurses' roles.

This mixed-methods study sought professionals' views on nurses' involvement, competency and engagement in monitoring patients for adverse effects of medicines, monitoring adherence, prescribing and patient education.

An online survey and interviews were undertaken with nurses, doctors and pharmacists in Wales and England, May 2018 to July 2019.

In all, 220 nurses, 17 doctors and 62 pharmacists responded to the online survey, and 24 professionals were interviewed. Nurses were divided over extending their roles, with 123/220 (55.9%) wishing to extend roles in monitoring patients for possible adverse drug reactions (ADRs), 111/220 (50.5%) in adherence monitoring, 121/220 (55.0%) in prescribing and 122/220 (55.4%) in patient education. The best-qualified nurses were the most willing to increase involvement in monitoring patients for ADRs (aOR 13.00, 1.56-108.01). Interviews revealed that both nurses and might be best targeted towards the more educated nurses, who have multidisciplinary support.

To improve multiprofessional team working and promote patient safety, nurse leaders should ensure patients are monitored for possible ADRs by at least one profession. Initiatives expanding nurses' roles in medicines optimization and prescribing might be best targeted towards the more educated nurses, who have multidisciplinary support.

To present the cross-case comparison component of a qualitative study exploring and describing the experiences of adults with an intellectual disability who have received trauma and orthopaedic hospital care for musculoskeletal conditions or injuries in the United Kingdom.

A qualitative, exploratory study was conducted using 11 semi-structured interviews to describe the lived experiences of trauma and orthopaedic hospital care from the perspectives of people with intellectual disabilities and a carer of a person with profound and multiple intellectual disabilities. The data were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. The Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research guidelines were applied.

There were common and interconnected experiences across the five participants communication challenges; lack of person-centred care; issues related to pain management; lack of confidence in hospital care; the valuable support and expertise of carers; and incompetence of hospital staff and isolation and loneliness.

There were common and interconnected experiences across the five participants communication challenges; lack of person-centred care; issues related to pain management; lack of confidence in hospital care; the valuable support and expertise of carers; and incompetence of hospital staff and isolation and loneliness.

To test the reliability and structural validity of the Norwegian version of the TeamSTEPPS

Teamwork Attitudes Questionnaire (T-TAQ) among Bachelor of Nursing students.

Cross-sectional study.

Bachelor of Nursing students (N=1,624) at three campuses in different regions of Norway were invited to complete the survey. The data were analysed with descriptive statistics, Cronbach's alpha and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Three models were tested. Model 3 was a post hoc modification with a correlation between four negatively worded items. The data was collected in September 2018 and May-June 2019.

A total of 509 students were included in the study. Cronbach's alpha ranged from 0.44-0.70 for the dimensions and was 0.79 for the total questionnaire. The fit indexes of model 3 were as follows RMSEA=0.043, chi-square=724.3 (p<.000), normed chi-square=1.862, TLI=0.812 and CFI=0.832. The questionnaire shows some potential to display attitudes towards teamwork in health care among Bachelor of Nursing students. Low Cronbach's alpha in the dimensions might indicate that the questionnaire should be considered used as a unidimensional questionnaire.

A total of 509 students were included in the study. Cronbach's alpha ranged from 0.44-0.70 for the dimensions and was 0.79 for the total questionnaire. The fit indexes of model 3 were as follows RMSEA = 0.043, chi-square = 724.3 (p less then .000), normed chi-square = 1.862, TLI = 0.812 and CFI = 0.832. The questionnaire shows some potential to display attitudes towards teamwork in health care among Bachelor of Nursing students. Low Cronbach's alpha in the dimensions might indicate that the questionnaire should be considered used as a unidimensional questionnaire.