Bentsenkofod4904

Based on the environmental niches of the genetic clusters, changes are expected in the near and mid-century future. Therefore, climate change must be considered for species conservation management and future restoration programs.The metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids through the lipoxygenase-catalyzed step and subsequent reactions is referred to as the lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway. The components of this system, such as jasmonates, are involved in growth, development and defense reactions of plants. In this report, we focus on dynamics of expression of different LOX pathway genes and activities of target enzymes with three abiotic stress factors darkness, salinity and herbicide toxicity. To obtain a more complete picture, the expression profiles of marker genes for salicylic acid, abscisic acid, ethylene, auxin and gibberellin-dependent signaling systems under the same stresses were also analyzed. The gene expression in Solanum tuberosum plants was analyzed using qRT-PCR, and we found that the LOX-cascade-related genes responded to darkness, salinity and herbicide toxicity in different ways. We detected activation of a number of 9-LOX pathway genes; however, in contrast to studies associated with biotic stress (infection), the 9-divinyl ether synthase branch of the LOX cascade was inhibited under all three stresses. GC-MS analysis of the oxylipin profiles also showed the main activity of the 9-LOX-cascade-related enzymes after treatment with herbicide and darkness.Prosopis species were introduced to the United Arab Emirates (UAE) region for desert greening. However, the species now pose a great threat to the native plant diversity. This study used high-resolution satellite imagery (1990-2019) to understand the history and current distribution of Prosopis species and their impact on fresh groundwater. BLU-554 The results show that the Prosopis invasion in the study area reached its maximum expansion rate in 2019 and covered an area of about 16 km2 compared to 0.2 km2 in 1990. The areas near Sharjah Airport, Umm Fannan, and Al Talla, located at a lower elevation of the sand dune area, are heavily invaded. Prosopis groundwater requirement derived using evapotranspiration shows that groundwater consumption has changed drastically after 2010 and consumed about 22.22 million m3 of groundwater in 2019, which is about a 7372% increase in groundwater consumption from the year 1990 to 2019. The results can be useful for setting up a management plan for the sustainable use of this species in the UAE region in particular and other similar countries in the arid land regions that are suffering from freshwater depletion because of Prosopis invasion.Euphorbia cactus Ehrenb ex Boiss. is a plant species reported from central Africa and the southern Arabian Peninsula, belonging to the family of Euphorbiaceae. The plant has ethnobotanical values and is well-known for its milky latex, which has been turned into medicine to treat various ailments. To the best of our knowledge, there have been no literature reports available on phytochemical constituents and antiproliferative mechanism of E. cactus. In the current study, the phytochemical investigation of E. cactus methanolic extract (ECME) resulted in the isolation and characterization of four secondary metabolites, which are reported for the first time from this plant species. In addition, the results of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) and ferrous ion chelating (FIC) assays expressed maximum antioxidant activity by ECME and the isolated phytochemicals. Furthermore, ECME exerted a promising antiproliferative effect against different cancer cell lines, and the A549 lung cancer cells were the most sensitive with an IC50 value of 20 µg/mL. The antiproliferative action of ECME in A549 cells was associated with cell accumulation in the G2/M phase and an increase in early and late apoptosis. In addition, RT-PCR and western blot analysis revealed that ECME decreased the anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2) expression, while the expression of pro-apoptotic (Bax) and caspase-3 were increased. This study provides the first insight into the phytochemical constituents and the antiproliferative mechanism of ECME, implying that it could be exploited as a promising natural source for developing new cancer therapies. Further preclinical research is warranted to support the current results.The depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer due to natural and/or anthropogenic causes decreases the amount of UV-B radiation filtered, and consequently increases the risk of potential damage to organisms. In the Mediterranean region, high UV-B indices are frequent. Even for species typical of this region, such as the olive tree, the progressive increase in UV-B radiation represents a threat. This work aimed to understand how high UV-B radiation modulates the phenolic and lipophilic profile of olive varieties, and identify metabolites that enhance olive stress tolerance. Two Italian olive varieties were subjected to chronic UV-B stress, and leaves were analyzed by gas and liquid chromatography. The results indicated that the most representative phenolic and lipophilic compounds of Giarraffa and Olivastra Seggianese were readjusted in response to UV-B stress. The Giarraffa variety seemed better suited to prolonged UV-B stress, possibly due to the higher availability of flavonoids that could help control oxidative damage, and the accumulation of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives that could provide strong UV-B shield protection. In addition, this variety contained higher levels of fatty acids (e.g., palmitic, α-linolenic, and stearic acids), which can help to maintain membrane integrity and accumulate more sorbitol (which may serve as an osmoprotectant or act a free-radical scavenger), terpenes, and long-chain alkanes, providing higher protection against UV-B stress.Quercus fabri Hance, Quercus serrata Thunb, Quercus acutissima Carruth, and Quercus variabilis BL are four Chinese oak species commonly used for forestation. To ensure the survival of seedlings, we first need to understand the differences in drought resistance of the four oak species at the seedling stage, and comprehensively evaluate their drought resistance capabilities. The four oak seedlings were divided into drought-rewatering treatment group and well watered samples (control group). For the seedlings of the drought-rewatering treatment group, drought stress lasting 31 days was used, and then re-watering for 5 days. The water parameters, osmotic solutes content, antioxidant enzyme activity and photosynthesis parameters of the seedlings in the two groups were measured every 5 days. Compared with the control group, the relative water content, water potential, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance levels of the four oaks all showed a downward trend under continuous drought stress, and showed an upward trend after rehydration. The soluble protein, soluble sugar, proline, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase content of the four oaks increased first and then decreased under drought stress, and then increased after rehydration. The content of glycine betaine and malondialdehyde continued to increase, and gradually decreased after rehydration. The weight of each index was calculated by principal component analysis, and then the comprehensive evaluation of each index was carried out through the membership function method. The drought resistance levels of the four oak species were as follows Q. serrata > Q. fabri > Q. variabilis > Q. acutissima.The elicitation of plant secondary metabolism may offer interesting opportunities in the framework of sustainable approaches in plant science and in terms of their ability to prime resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors. The broad metabolic reprogramming triggered by different molecular elicitors, namely salicylate (SA), polyamines (PAs), and chitosan, was comprehensively investigated using a metabolomics approach and the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) as the model crop. Six different treatments were compared a negative control (no treatments), a second negative control treated with 1 M acetic acid (the reference for chitosan, since chitosan was solubilized in acetic acid), and four molecular elicitors, 1 mM 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (BTH, a positive control), 10 mg/mL chitosan, 0.01 mM SA, and a 0.1 mM PA (putrescine, spermidine, and spermine). All treatments determined a slight increase in biomass, in particular following PA treatment. A broad reprogramming of secondary metabolism could be observed, including membrane lipid remodeling, phenylpropanoid antioxidants, and phytohormone crosstalk. Overall, our results suggest that PAs, SA, and BTH shared a systemic acquired resistance (SAR)-related response, whereas chitosan induced a more distinct induced systemic resistance (ISR)-like jasmonate-related response. These results pave the way towards the possible use of elicitors as a sustainable tool in plant science and agriculture by increasing crop resilience to biotic and abiotic stressors without detrimental effects on plant biomass.Maize is an important cereal crop but is sensitive to heat stress, which significantly restricts its grain yield. To explore the molecular mechanism of maize heat tolerance, a heat-tolerant hybrid ZD309 and its parental lines (H39_1 and M189) were subjected to heat stress, followed by transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses. After six-day-heat treatment, the growth of ZD309 and its parental lines were suppressed, showing dwarf stature and rolled leaf compared with the control plants. ZD309 exhibited vigorous growth; however, M189 displayed superior heat tolerance. By transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis, hundreds to thousands of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and metabolites (DEMs) were identified. Notably, the female parent H39 shares more DEGs and DEMs with the hybrid ZD309, indicating more genetic gain derived from the female instead of the male. A total of 299 heat shock genes detected among three genotypes were greatly aggregated in sugar transmembrane transporter activity, plasma membrane, photosynthesis, protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, cysteine, and methionine metabolism. A total of 150 heat-responsive metabolites detected among three genotypes were highly accumulated, including jasmonic acid, amino acids, sugar, flavonoids, coumarin, and organic acids. Integrating transcriptomic and metabolomic assays revealed that plant hormone signal transduction, cysteine, and methionine metabolism, and α-linolenic acid metabolism play crucial roles in heat tolerance in maize. Our research will be facilitated to identify essential heat tolerance genes in maize, thereby contributing to breeding heat resistance maize varieties.Many viruses have been found associated with apple mosaic disease in different parts of the world. In order to reveal and characterize the viruses and viroids in symptomatic apple plants, next-generation sequencing (RNA seq.) of rRNA-depleted total RNA using Illumina Hiseq2500 was applied to two cultivars, Oregon Spur and Golden Delicious, with symptoms of mosaic and necrosis and one cultivar, Red Fuji, which was asymptomatic. The RNA sequencing detected five viruses, viz., apple necrotic mosaic virus (ApNMV), apple mosaic virus (ApMV), apple stem grooving virus (ASGV) and apple stem pitting virus (ASPV), apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV), and one viroid i.e., apple hammerhead viroid (AHVd). RT-PCR amplification and sequencing also confirmed the presence of all these five viruses and viroids detected in HTS of total RNA. The complete genomes of five viruses and AHVd were reconstructed. The phylogenetic analysis of these viruses and AHVd revealed genetic diversity by forming subclusters with isolates from other countries.