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Youth football helmet testing standards have served to largely eliminate catastrophic head injury from the sport. These standards, though, do not presently consider concussion and do not offer consumers the capacity to differentiate the impact performance of youth football helmets. This study adapted the previously developed Summation of Tests for the Analysis of Risk (STAR) equation for youth football helmet assessment. This adaptation made use of a youth-specific testing surrogate, on-field data collected from youth football players, and a concussion risk function developed for youth athletes. Each helmet is subjected to 48 laboratory impacts across 12 impact conditions. Peak linear head acceleration and peak rotational head acceleration values from each laboratory impact are aggregated into a single STAR value that combines player exposure and risk of concussion. This single value can provide consumers with valuable information regarding the relative performance of youth football helmets.OBJECTIVES This study investigated a large cohort of patients to construct a predictive nomogram and a web-based survival rate calculator for dynamically predicting the cancer-specific survival of patients with primary hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HSCC). METHODS Patients (n = 2007) initially diagnosed with primary HSCC from 2004 to 2015 were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. All patients were randomly divided into the training and validation cohorts (11). The Lasso Cox regression model was applied to identify independent risk factors of cancer-specific survival for a predictive nomogram and a web-based calculator. The model was evaluated by concordance index, calibration, and decision curve analysis. RESULTS Cancer-specific survival rates decreased with time, while 3-year conditional survival increased. Cancer-specific deaths evolved from relatively high within the first 3 years to low thereafter. Age, race, T stage, N stage, M stage, surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and marital status were identified as independent risk factors. We constructed a predictive nomogram for survival and a web-based calculator (https//linzhongyang.shinyapps.io/Hypopharyngeal/). Additionally, a prognostic risk stratification was developed according to nomogram total points. CONCLUSIONS Patients with primary HSCC were found at a high risk of cancer-specific death during the first 3 years, indicating that additional effective follow-up strategies should be implemented over the period. This is the first study to construct a predictive nomogram and a web-based calculator for all patients with HSCC.Respect for autonomy is a central moral principle in bioethics. It is sometimes argued that authenticity, i.e., being "real," "genuine," "true to oneself," or similar, is crucial to a person's autonomy. Patients sometimes make what appears to be inauthentic decisions, such as when (decision-competent) anorexia nervosa patients refuse treatment to avoid gaining weight, despite that the risk of harm is very high. If such decisions are inauthentic, and therefore non-autonomous, it may be the case they should be overridden for paternalist reasons. However, it is not clear what justifies the judgment that someone or something is inauthentic. This article discusses one recent theory of what justifies judgments of inauthenticity. It is argued that the theory is seriously limited, as it only provides guidance in three out of nine identified cases. There are at least six authenticity-related problems to be solved, and autonomy theorists thus have reason to engage with the topic of authenticity in practical biomedicine.We have developed a simple and versatile nanoplatform using pH-sensitive ferritin nanocages co-loaded with the anticancer drug curcumin (Cur) and liquid fluorocarbon perfluorohexane (PFH) inside the core and conjugated tumor-targeting molecule FA outside the shell referred to as FA-FCP. The synthesized FA-FCP has an average particle diameter of 47 nm, with stable and favorable physicochemical properties in different media, and high biocompatibility and biosafety in vivo and in vitro. Under the conditions of low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) and at pH = 5.0, FA-FCP released a large amount of drugs (53.2%) in 24 h. After 4 min of LIFU (7 W) treatment, FA-FCP provided contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging capabilities at pH = 5.0. Due to FA receptor-mediated endocytosis, FA-FCP could efficiently enter the cells and further relocate to lysosomes. Bezafibrate purchase Eighteen hours after injection of FA-FCP, the tumor was stimulated by LIFU, resulting in a contrast-enhanced ultrasound image. In vivo and in vitro experiments showed that the combined use of FA-FCP and LIFU had significant tumor treatment effects. Based on the results, it was concluded that FA-FCP combined with the external LIFU and the endogenic acidic environment can have powerful theranostic functions and provide a novel type of non-invasive and integrated tumor theranostic option.The biological synthesis of metal nanoparticles using plant extracts with defined size and morphology is a simple, nontoxic and environmentally friendly method. The present study focused on the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) by Artemisia annua L. extract as reducing and stabilising agent. The Ag NPs function, as antibacterial agents, is with that they are further used in human therapy. The effects of pH and temperature on the synthesis of NPs were characterized by UV-absorption spectroscopy and shown by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band at 410 nm. NPs' size and morphology were measured by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). TEM images showed that Ag NPs were in a nano-sized range (20-90 nm) and had spherical shape. Our findings demonstrated that lower concentration (100 µg mL-1) of the biogenic Ag NPs exhibited antibacterial activity against Gram-negative Escherichia coli BW 25113 and Gram-positive Enterococcus hirae ATCC 9790.BACKGROUND Exposure to childhood adversities (CA) is associated with sleep disturbances; however, evidence has largely been drawn from cross-sectional data and has not addressed the relationship across developmental stages. Also, most studies have primarily focused on non-Hispanic White cohorts with a dearth of longitudinal evidence about racial/ethnic minorities. We examined the longitudinal association between CA and sleep disturbances in Puerto Rican youth. METHOD The Boricua Youth Study is a longitudinal study of Puerto Rican youth living in San Juan, Puerto Rico, and the South Bronx, NY (N = 2491). Among youth 5-9 and 10-16 years old, sleep disturbances were assessed through three yearly interviews. Lifetime exposure to CA included parental loss, child maltreatment, parental maladjustment, and exposure to violence. Weighted generalized linear mixed models examined the longitudinal association between CA and sleep disturbances in youth adjusting for sociodemographic and contextual covariates. RESULTS The prevalence of sleep disturbances was similar in both age groups (ages 5-9 and 10-16).