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5% with no significant difference. Although the medicines cost was higher in private sectors than in public ones, they were affordable in both sectors. In quality indicators, public sectors enjoyed a higher level than the private sectors did. The average number of medicines per prescription in public pharmacies was 3.2 and it was 3.4 in private ones. On average, in public sectors 33% and 32% of outpatients received antibiotics and injectable medicines, respectively. Finally, 77% of medicines were prescribed by using their generic names and 25% of prescriptions were in accordance with key medicines list. This study reveals that the availability and affordability of targeted key medicines in Iran are in good condition; however, in terms of rational use of medicines, Iran fails to meet the standard levels.Diabetes mellitus has been always one of the most prevalent chronic diseases in the last decades. There exist a wide range of pharmacological agents for controlling this disease. However, these agents fare differently in terms of efficacy and safety. Hence, the aim of this study was to compare dulaglutide and liraglutide, two glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, in terms of efficacy and safety, drawing on a systematic review and meta-analysis. A systematic review and meta-analysis were carried out in January 2018. The articles were evaluated by two independent investigators and their quality was evaluated using Jadad scale and the Cochrane Collaboration's tools. Finally, the eligible articles entered the study. HbA1c and FBS were considered as efficacy outcomes. Safety profile was evaluated based on several outcomes such as serious side effects and vital signs. Three articles met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results indicated that the mean difference (MD) of HbA1c reduction was -0.10% (95% CI, -0.20% to -0.01%, P=0.03) in the patients who received dulaglutide in comparison with the patients who received liraglutide. In addition, dulaglutide was safer than liraglutide in terms of gastrointestinal problems (RR=0.85, 95% CI, 0.73 to 0.99, P=0.04, I2=55%) and heart rate (RR=-1.14, 95% CI, -1.90 to -0.38, P=0.003, I2=0%). Once-weekly dulaglutide showed a further reduction in HbA1c compared to once-daily liraglutide. However, comparisons between these regimens indicated no significant difference between groups in either FBS reduction or safety profile. Similarly, no statistically significant difference was observed in treatment discontinuation, hypoglycemia events, and vital signs.Venous thromboembolism (VTE) occurs in about 5 percent of patients undergoing major abdominal surgeries. Prophylaxis of VTE is recommended using unfractionated heparin (UF) or low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) in high-risk patients. In spite of advantages and confirmed cost-effectiveness of LMWH, high costs of enoxaparin branded preparations limit its use. We aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of two enoxaparin preparations. In this open-label randomized clinical trial, 200 patients were recruited to recieve PDxane® or Clexane®, 40 mg subcutaneously daily, from the day of surgery for 10 days. The patients were evaluated for VTE occurrence and side effects considering clinical and laboratory examinations at the beginning and day 10. No cases of proximal or distal VTE or life threatening bleeding were observed among 102 and 98 patients who received PDxane® and Clexane®, respectively. The adverse effects observed in PDxane® and Clexane® groups included injection site reactions (rash P = 0.97; pain P = 0.55 and erythema P = 0.33), anemia (P = 0.32), hematuria (P = 0.16), confusion (P = 0.3), and increased liver transaminases (AST ≥ 3 × ULN P = 0.16 and ALT ≥ 3 × ULN P = 0.66). In according to the study results PDxane® was of similar efficacy and safety compared to Clexane® in preventing VTE following major obstetric-gynecological surgeries. Considering lower cost of PDxane®, it could be a safe and effective alternate for VTE prophylaxis in the patients undergoing such types of surgeries.This study was designed to evaluate the effect of excision repair cross complementing group 1 (ERCC1) rs11615 codon 118C/T gene polymorphisms on treatment outcomes in Iranian patients receiving oxaliplatin-based regimens for colorectal (CRC) and gastric cancers (GC). GCN2-IN-1 Patients, who were candidates to receive oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy, entered into the study. In 2-week intervals, the patients received combination regimen of oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin (FOLFOX) for 3 months. ERCC1 rs11615 codon 118C/T polymorphism was tested by restriction fragment length polymorphism polymerase chain reaction (RFLP-PCR) method using patients' peripheral blood lymphocytes. The tumor response to chemotherapy was evaluated by examining the size of the tumor using CT scan. Association between response rates, according to the RECIST criteria, and patients' genotypes was evaluated. Any relationship between response rate and possible explanatory factors was also determined. Overall, 40 patients (13 females (32.5%), and 27 males (67.5%)) enrolled in the study. Four patients (10.0%) carried the homo-zygous mutation (T/T genotype), ten patients (25.0%) were heterozygous (C/T genotype), and twenty-six patients (65%) were homo-zygous (C/C genotype). Response rate were 30.77%, 20.00%, and 0.00% for the genotypes C/C, C/T, and T/T, respectively. No significant association between response rate and genotypes was observed (p = 0.64). Patients with well- and moderately-differentiated histological grade of the tumor showed a better response rate (100.00% of 2 patients and 66.66% of 12 patients, respectively) compared to those with poorly differentiated (0.00% of 26 patients) histological grade (p less then 0.001). Further multicenter studies are recommended to confirm conclusively our findings.Long term use of opioids and benzodiazepines are associated with important untoward effects. The α2 adrenergic agonist clonidine has sedative effects. Our goal was to study clonidine addition to total doses of fentanyl and midazolam and duration of ventilation in pediatric ICU (PICU). This randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled trial was conducted in PICU of Mofid Children Hospital. Hundred children aged from 2 to 15 years were randomized in 11 ratio to receive 5 μg/kg oral clonidine every 6 h or placebo plus 1-5 µg/kg/hr IV fentanyl and 0.05- 0.1 mg/kg/hr IV midazolam. Daily use of fentanyl and midazolam were measured. Ramsay sedation score was used for evaluation of sedation. A total of 96 patients were studied. The patients in placebo group received more midazolam and fentanyl compared with the patients in intervention group. Mean total dose of midazolam was 4.3 ± 2.2 mg in the placebo group and 2.7 ± 2.9 mg in the intervention group (P less then 0.05). Mean total dose of fentanyl was 34.4 ± 23.1 µg in the placebo group and 18.