Batemanpate2278

benthamiana leaves. Instead, only RsIA_GT(ΔS) suppressed the cell death induced by two reference cell death factors BAX and INF1 in N.benthamiana. RsIA_GT(ΔS)R154A D168A D170A, a mutant RsIA_GT(ΔS) for the glycosyltransferase catalytic domain, still suppressed the BAX- or INF1-induced cell death, suggesting that the cell death suppression activity of RsIA_GT(ΔS) would be independent from its enzymatic activity. RsIA_GT(ΔS) also suppressed the H2O2 production and callose deposition and showed an effect on the induction of defense genes associated with the expression of BAX and INF1. The transient expression of RsIA_GT(ΔS) in N. benthamiana enhanced the lesion area caused by R. solani AG-1 IA. The secreted glycosyltransferase, RsIA_GT, of R. solani AG-1 IA is likely to have a dual role in virulence inside and outside of host cells.Group B Streptococcus (GBS) literature largely focuses on humans and neonatal disease, but GBS also affects numerous animals, with significant impacts on health and productivity. Spill-over events occur between humans and animals and may be followed by amplification and evolutionary adaptation in the new niche, including changes in the core or accessory genome content. Here, we describe GBS from one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius), a relatively poorly studied GBS host of increasing importance for food security in arid regions. Genomic analysis shows that virtually all GBS from camels in East Africa belong to a monophyletic clade, sublineage (SL)609. Capsular types IV and VI, including a new variant of type IV, were over-represented compared to other host species. Two genomic islands with signatures of mobile elements contained most camel-associated genes, including genes for metal and carbohydrate utilisation. Lactose fermentation genes were associated with milk isolates, albeit at lower prevalence in camel than bovine GBS. The presence of a phage with high identity to Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus suis suggests lateral gene transfer between GBS and bacterial species that have not been described in camels. The evolution of camel GBS appears to combine host restriction with the sharing of accessory genome content across pathogen and host species.The nematocidal activity of an Oxalis tetraphylla hydroalcoholic extract against the nematode Haemonchus contortus (Hc) was assessed in vitro and the major compounds associated with nematocidal activity were identified. One hydroalcoholic extract was obtained from O. tetraphylla stems and leaves (Ot HE-SLE). The in vitro lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC90) against both eggs and exsheathed Hc infective larvae (L3) were assessed. Ot HE-SLE showed a potent ovicidal activity (LC50 = 0.213 mg/mL; LC90 = 0.71 mg/mL) and larvicidal effect (LC50 = 28.01 mg/mL; LC90 = 69.3 mg/mL). Later on, the extract was bipartitioned to obtain an ethyl acetate phase (EtOAc-Ph) and an aqueous phase (Aq-Ph). Both phases were assessed against Hc eggs at 0.25 and 1.0 mg/mL concentrations. The results with EtOAc-Ph showed 93.6% ovicidal activity, while 96.6% was recorded with Aq-Ph at 48 h post-confrontation (PC). In the case of larvicidal activity, both phases were assessed at 28 mg/mL; Aq-Ph showed >80% larvicidal activity 24 and 72 h PC, while EtOAc-Ph did not show important activity. HPLC analysis showed the presence of coumaric acid and flavonols. Flavonol compounds were the major compounds and were associated with the nematocidal activity. Additionally, the Aq-Ph that showed the highest activity was purified, and the fraction F3 showed the highest nematocidal activity.Cryptosporidium spp. is a parasite that can infect a wide variety of vertebrate species. The parasite has been detected in sheep worldwide with diverse species and genotypes of various levels of zoonotic potential and public health concern. The purpose of this study was to determine the distribution of genotypes of Cryptosporidium in sheep in California, USA. Microscopic positive samples from individual sheep from central and northern California ranches were genotyped by sequencing a fragment of the 18S rRNA gene and BLAST analysis. Eighty-eight (63.8%) of the microscopic positive samples were genotyped, and multiple genotypes of Cryptosporidium were identified from sheep in the enrolled ranches. Approximately 89% of isolates (n = 78) were C. xiaoi or C. bovis, 10% of isolates (n = 9) were C. ubiquitum, and 1% of isolates (n = 1) were C. parvum. The C. parvum and C. ubiquitum isolates were detected only from lambs and limited to four farms. Given that the majority of Cryptosporidium species (i.e., C. xiaoi and C. bovis) were of minor zoonotic concern, the results of this study suggest that sheep are not a reservoir of major zoonotic Cryptosporidium in California ranches.Wild animals may act as efficient antimicrobial-resistance reservoirs and epidemiological links between humans, livestock, and natural environments. By using phenotypic and genotypic characterization, the present study highlighted the occurrence of an antimicrobial-resistant (i.e., amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cephalothin, and colistin) Enterobacter hormaechei subsp. steigerwaltii strain in wild boar (Sus scrofa) from France. The molecular analysis conducted showed non-synonymous mutations in the pmrA/pmrB and phoQ/phoP operons and the phoP/Q regulator mgrB gene, leading to colistin resistance. The present data highlight the need for continuous monitoring of multidrug-resistant bacteria in wild animals to limit the spread of these threatening pathogens.Widespread of insecticide resistance amongst the species of the Anopheles gambiae complex continues to threaten vector control in Senegal. In this study, we investigated the presence and evolution of the Ace-1 and Gste2 resistance genes in natural populations of Anopheles gambiae s.l., the main malaria vector in Senegal. Using historical samples collected from ten sentinel health districts, this study focused on three different years (2013, 2017, and 2018) marking the periods of shift between the main public health insecticides families (pyrethroids, carbamates, organophosphates) used in IRS to track back the evolutionary history of the resistance mutations on the Ace-1 and Gste2 loci. The results revealed the presence of four members of the Anopheles gambiae complex, with the predominance of An. arabiensis followed by An. gambiae, An. coluzzii, and An. gambiae-coluzzii hybrids. The Ace-1 mutation was only detected in An. gambiae and An. gambiae-coluzzii hybrids at low frequencies varying between 0.006 and 0.02, while the Gste2 mutation was found in all the species with a frequency ranging between 0.02 and 0.25. The Ace-1 and Gste2 genes were highly diversified with twenty-two and thirty-one different haplotypes, respectively. The neutrality tests on each gene indicated a negative Tajima's D, suggesting the abundance of rare alleles. The presence and spread of the Ace-1 and Gste2 resistance mutations represent a serious threat to of the effectiveness and the sustainability of IRS-based interventions using carbamates or organophosphates to manage the widespread pyrethroids resistance in Senegal. These data are of the highest importance to support the NMCP for evidence-based vector control interventions selection and targeting.Arginase is a metalloenzyme that plays a central role in Leishmania infections. Previously, rosmarinic and caffeic acids were described as antileishmanial agents and as Leishmania amazonensis arginase inhibitors. Here, we describe the inhibition of arginase in L. amazonensis by rosmarinic acid analogs (1-7) and new caffeic acid-derived amides (8-10). Caffeic acid esters and amides were produced by means of an engineered synthesis in E. coli and tested against L. amazonensis arginase. New amides (8-10) were biosynthesized in E. coli cultured with 2 mM of different combinations of feeding substrates. The most potent arginase inhibitors showed Ki(s) ranging from 2 to 5.7 μM. Compounds 2-4 and 7 inhibited L. amazonensis arginase (L-ARG) through a noncompetitive mechanism whilst compound 9 showed a competitive inhibition. By applying an in silico protocol, we determined the binding mode of compound 9. The competitive inhibitor of L-ARG targeted the key residues within the binding site of the enzyme, establishing a metal coordination bond with the metal ions and a series of hydrophobic and polar contacts supporting its micromolar inhibition of L-ARG. These results highlight that dihydroxycinnamic-derived compounds can be used as the basis for developing new drugs using a powerful tool based on the biosynthesis of arginase inhibitors.Extended-spectrum-β-lactamase (ESBL)- and carbapenemase-producing bacteria are widespread in hospitals, but the extent of this problem in long-term care facilities (LTCFs) is poorly understood. Cynarin cost We aimed to elucidate, in the Portuguese regional clinical context, the relevance of LTCFs as a reservoir of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. producing ESBL- and/or carbapenemases (Ec/Kp-ESBL/CARB). Fourteen LTCFs from Portugal, corresponding to units of convalescence (UC/n = 3), medium-term internment and rehabilitation (UMDR/ n = 5), or long-term internment and maintenance (ULDM/n = 6), were analyzed (2016-2019). All patients with Ec/Kp-ESBL/CARB infections acquired during LTCF stay were included, and detailed information was collected. Prevalence of patients with healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) by Ec/Kp-ESBL/CARB did not vary significantly over time (1.48% in 2016-2017, 1.89% in 2017-2018, and 1.90% in 2018-2019), but a statistically significant association with the LTCF typology (ULDM, UMDR) was observed. HAIs were caused by K. pneumoniae (n = 51/54.3%), E. coli (n = 41/43.6%), or both (n = 2/2.1%), producing ESBL (96%) or carbapenemases (4%). Prior colonization (n = 14/16%) corresponded to seven Kp-CARB and seven Ec/Kp-ESBL. The worrying prevalence of patients acquiring HAIs by Ec/Kp-ESBL/CARB, associated with the estimated rates of those already colonized at admission, highlights a relevant role for LTCFs as a reservoir of Ec/Kp-ESBL/CARB. Epidemiological surveillance should be extended to the national level, and colonization screening at LTCF admission implemented systematically.The rise of bat-associated zoonotic viruses necessitates a close monitoring of their natural hosts. Since the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), it is evident that bats are vital reservoirs of coronaviruses (CoVs). In this study, we investigated the presence of CoVs in multiple bat species in Nigeria to identify viruses in bats at high-risk human contact interfaces. Four hundred and nine bats comprising four bat species close to human habitats were individually sampled from five states in Nigeria between 2019 and 2021. Coronavirus detection was done using broadly reactive consensus PCR primers targeting the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene of CoVs. Coronavirus RNA was detected in 39 samples (9.5%, CI 95% [7.0, 12.8]), of which 29 were successfully sequenced. The identified CoVs in Nigerian bats were from the unclassified African alphacoronavirus lineage and betacoronavirus lineage D (Nobecovirus), with one sample from Hipposideros ruber coinfected with alphacoronavirus and betacoronavirus.