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Manipulating water shows great potential in amphibian conservation, particularly at sites with a proximal water source and regions where aridity is increasing due to climate change. Regardless of the scale of the intervention or its perceived probability of success, high-quality reporting of empirical results will progress our understanding of how water manipulations can benefit threatened amphibian populations. Article impact statement Manipulating water is a promising management tool in amphibian conservation, particularly where aridity increases due to climate change. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.AIM To describe the association between socio-economic status and prevalence of key cardiovascular risk factors in people with type 2 diabetes in Scotland. METHODS A cross-sectional study of 264 011 people with type 2 diabetes in Scotland in 2016 identified from the population-based diabetes register. Socio-economic status was defined using quintiles of the area-based Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD) with quintile (Q)1 and Q5 used to identify the most- and least-deprived fifths of the population, respectively. Logistic regression models adjusted for age, sex, health board, history of cardiovascular disease and duration of diabetes were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) for Q1 compared with Q5 for each risk factor. RESULTS The mean (sd) age of the study population was 66.7 (12.8) years, 56% were men, 24% were in Q1 and 15% were in Q5. Crude prevalence in Q1/Q5 was 24%/8.8% for smoking, 62%/49% for BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 , 44%/40% for HbA1c ≥ 58 mmol/mol (7.5%), 31%/31% for systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥ 140 mmHg, and 24%/25% for total cholesterol ≥ 5 mmol/l, respectively. ORs [95% confidence intervals (CI)] were 3.08 (2.95-3.21) for current smoking, 1.48 (1.44-1.52) for BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 , 1.11 (1.08-1.15) for HbA1c ≥ 58 mmol/mol (7.5%), 1.03 (1.00-1.06) for SBP ≥ 140 mmHg and 0.87 (0.84-0.90) for total cholesterol ≥ 5 mmol/l. CONCLUSIONS Socio-economic deprivation is associated with higher prevalence of smoking, BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 and HbA1c ≥ 58 mmol/mol (7.5%), and lower prevalence of total cholesterol ≥ 5 mmol/l among people with type 2 diabetes in Scotland. Effective approaches to reducing inequalities are required as well as reducing risk factor prevalence across the whole population. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.AIMS The aims of this study were to develop an understanding of the lived experience of the Post Anaesthetic Recovery Unit Nurse facilitating Advanced Directives and implications for patient centred care. DESIGN Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis. METHODS Homogenised purposive sampling of six registered nurses using in-depth semi-structured interviews. Interviews were conducted between June and July 2018. Analysis was performed using Interpretive Phenomenology Analysis. RESULTS Post Anaesthetic Recovery Nurses experienced a "Grey Zone" when facilitating Advanced Directives post anaesthetic. The "Grey Zone" is defined through four themes; The 'Trigger' of the anaesthetic characterised by physiological instability; 'Confusion and Frustration' featuring balancing of roles as a clinician and advocate during patient decline; 'Consistent Paternalism' by medical staff in the consideration of Advanced Directives; and 'Disempowerment' where nurses faced issues of advocacy, personal distress, a lack of literature or protocols and handover of information. CONCLUSION The lived experience of nurses facilitating Advanced Directives post anaesthetic may be distressing. Further research is required to understand implications of Advanced Directives following an anaesthetic. Education and development of protocols are recommended to optimise patient centred care. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death, globally, and is a serious problem in developing countries. Preventing atherosclerosis is key to reducing the risk of developing CVD. Similar to carcinogenesis, atherogenesis can be divided into four stages initiation, promotion, progression, and acute events. The current study focuses on the promotion stage, which is characterized by circular monocyte penetration into vascular endothelial cells, monocyte differentiation into macrophages, and the formation of foam cells. This early stage of atherogenesis is a major target for nutraceuticals. We discuss nutraceuticals that can potentially inhibit monocyte adhesion to the vascular endothelium, thereby preventing the promotional stage of atherosclerosis. The mechanisms through which these nutraceuticals prevent monocyte adhesion are classified according to the following targets NF-κB, ROS, MAPKs, and AP-1. Additionally, we discuss promising targets for nutraceuticals that can regulate monocyte adhesion to the endothelium. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Introduction of atherogenesis with initiation, promotion, progression, and acute events provide specific information and factors for each step in the development of atherosclerosis. Functional food or pharmaceutical researchers can set target stages and use them to develop materials that control atherosclerosis. In particular, because it focuses on vascular inflammation via interaction between monocytes and vascular endothelial cells, it provides specific information to researchers developing functional foods that regulate this process. Therefore, this manuscript, unlike previous papers, will provide material information and potential mechanisms of action to researchers who want to develop functional foods that control vascular inflammation rather than vascular lipids. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.AIM To establish an understanding of the experiences of newly qualified nurses' working in hospices from the perspective of both newly qualified and senior nurses. DESIGN A qualitative interview study. METHODS Semi-structured interviews with six newly qualified nurses and five senior nurses from four United Kingdom hospices were conducted between March - July 2017. RESULTS The hospices involved in this study were among the first to recruit newly qualified nurses. Participants believed newly qualified nurses coped well with hospice working and received unique opportunities for professional development. Participants identified the value of formal and informal support however newly qualified nurses faced negative attitudes from some established staff. selleck inhibitor Newly qualified nurses expressed concerns about a perceived lack of technical clinical skills training however they highlighted gaining end-of-life care and communication skills that would be transferrable to other settings. Participants highlighted the need to allocate more time for education and formal support including preceptorship.