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Many reports have previously indicated the vast number of anatomical variations of the sphenoid sinuses, e.g. presence of the recesses. Notwithstanding, there are a few crucial neurovascular structures directly neighbouring with the sinuses. The following research aimed to evaluate frequency prevalence of the carotid canal's protrusion into the sphenoid sinuses in adult population.

Computed tomography (CT) scans of the paranasal sinuses of 296 patients (147 females, 149 males) were analysed in this retrospective study. The patients did not present any pathologies in the sinuses. Spiral CT scanner- -Siemens Somatom Sensation 16 was used in the standard procedure in the option Siemens CARE Dose 4D.

Protrusion of the carotid canal was found in the majority of the patients - 55.74%, more frequently in males (65.1% of the patients) than in females (46.26% of the patients). The said variant - regardless of gender - was noted more often bilaterally (41.55% of the cases 29.93% females, 53.02% males) than unilaterally (14.19% of the cases 16.33% females, 12.08% males). ML133 solubility dmso In the unilateral type (regardless of gender), the protrusion was more common for the left sphenoid sinus - 10.81% of the patients (12.24% females, 9.4% males) than for the right - 3.38% of the patients (4.08% females, 2.68% males).

Complicated structure of the paranasal sinuses, derived from the high prevalence of their anatomical variations, may perplex routine surgical interventions. Henceforth, referral for aCT scan is imperative in order to abate the risks associated with an invasive procedure in the said region.

Complicated structure of the paranasal sinuses, derived from the high prevalence of their anatomical variations, may perplex routine surgical interventions. Henceforth, referral for aCT scan is imperative in order to abate the risks associated with an invasive procedure in the said region.The aim of this study was to examine the influence of sagittal dentoskeletal pattern on the value of profile nasal soft tissue angles and estimate the significance of examined differences for each angle. Lateral cephalograms were used to examine the nasofrontal angle, nasofacial angle, nasal tip angle, and nasolabial angle of 120 adult Caucasian subjects (60 male and 60 female) from the central Balkan area. Subjects were divided into four groups according to the ANB angle and incisors inclination Class I as the control group, Class II division1, Class II division 2 and Class III. By evaluating the influence of sagittal dentoskeletal relationships on the values of examined angles, significant differences were found among subjects with Class I and Class II/2 (p=0.028), so as Class III (p=0.002) for nasal tip angle. The nasofacial angle was found to differ among subjects with Class I and Class II/1 (p=0.002), so as Class III (p=0.001). Different dentoskeletal patterns have significant influence on values of the nasal tip angle and nasofacial angle, and don't have influence on the values of the nasofrontal and nasolabial angle.

The aim of this study was to compare the histological structure (cross-sectional area (CSA) and number of nerve fascicles) of the distal part of the tibial nerve (TN) and its terminal branches (medial plantar nerve [MPN], lateral plantar nerve [LPN]) in the fresh and fresh-frozen cadavers using computer assisted image analysis.

The tibial nerve with terminal branches (medial and lateral plantar nerves) were dissected from the fresh and fresh-frozen cadavers. Each nerve was harvested 5 mm proximally and respectively 5 mm distally from the tibial nerve bifurcation, marked, dehydrated, embedded in paraffin, sectioned at 2 µm slices and stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Then the specimens were photographed and analyzed using Olympus cellSens software.

The fresh cadavers group comprised 60 feet (mean age 68.1 ± 15.2 years). The mean CSA and the number of nerve fascicles were respectively 15.25 ± 4.6 mm², 30.35 ± 8.45 for the tibial nerve, 8.76 ± 1.93 mm², 20.75 ± 7.04 for the medial plantar nerve and 6.54 The tibial nerve showed increasing CSA with the advanced age in the fresh cadavers. The medial plantar nerve had larger CSA and more nerve fascicles than the lateral plantar nerve.

The CSA and the number of nerve fascicles of the tibial and medial plantar nerves were similar in the fresh and fresh-frozen cadavers whilst different in the lateral plantar nerve. The tibial nerve showed increasing CSA with the advanced age in the fresh cadavers. The medial plantar nerve had larger CSA and more nerve fascicles than the lateral plantar nerve.Double layered patella (DLP) is a rare anomaly of the patella that may go undiagnosed, especially in patients with progressive knee dysfunction and early degenerative changes. Clinical symptoms such as motion-dependent pain and anterior knee pain most typically occur in adolescents or young adults, however, gradually increasing pain and early generalized degenerative changes have also been seen in patients over 40 years old. Diagnosis of DLP could be difficult, especially in cases with coexisting arthrosis. DLP is considered to be pathognomonic for the diagnosis of multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED) and usually coexists with other anomalies seen in this syndrome, such as hip dysplasia. In extremely rare cases, DLP can occur as a solitary disorder. The prevalence of such cases, however, is unknown, and they could be easily misdiagnosed. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are the most sensitive radiological methods used in DLP diagnosis. This case report presents a case of a bilateral DLP incidentally found in a 47-year old patient with advanced arthritis referred for arthroplasty because of increasing symptoms of knee joint failure with no other abnormalities recorded. An important goal of our case study is to raise the awareness of this abnormality with radiologists and orthopedic surgeons.

The fibular collateral ligament is a permanent and extracapsular ligament of the knee joint. It is located on the lateral aspect of the knee and extends from the lateral epicondyle of the femur to the lateral surface of the head of the fibula. As one of the main knee joint ligaments it is a stabilizer of the posterolateral corner of the knee and resists varus stress. The case report displays the bifurcated variant of the fibular collateral ligament. The aim of this study is to determine which of those bands should be considered dominant.

Classical anatomical dissection was performed on the left knee joint. The fibular collateral ligament was thoroughly cleansed around its origin, distal attachments, and course. Appropriate morphometric measurements were collected.

A bifurcated variant of the fibular collateral ligament with inverted proportions of its two bands (main and accessory one) constitutes our findings. It originated on the lateral epicondyle of the femur. Then it divided into two bands (A1 and A2).