Atkinsontimm1969

In 1955, an outbreak of arsenic poisoning caused by the ingestion of arsenic-contaminated Morinaga Dry Milk occurred in western Japan. This study aimed to assess the mortality and cancer incidence risk among Japanese individuals who were poisoned during this time as infants. In total, 6223 survivors (mean age at enrollment, 27.5 y) who had ingested contaminated milk when they were aged ≤ 2 y participated in this study. Follow-up was conducted from 1982 to 2018 (mean follow-up duration, 30.3 y). Standardized mortality ratio (SMR) and standardized incidence ratio (SIR) were used to compare mortality and cancer incidence rates of subjects with the respective Japanese population rates, and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) of the SMR and SIR were also calculated. In total, 561 deaths and 524 new cancer cases were observed. A statistically significant increase in mortality rate was observed for all causes (SMR, 1.15; 1.01-1.19), nervous system disease (2.83, 1.62-4.19), respiratory disease (2.02, 1.37-2.62), genitourinary system disease (2.25, 1.10-3.73), and traffic accident (2.03, 1.14-3.04). In contrast, a significant decrease in cancer incidence rate was observed for all cancers (SIR, 0.96; 0.84-0.99), stomach cancer (0.77, 0.57-0.92), colon cancer (0.63, 0.41-0.85), rectum cancer (0.69, 0.43-0.95), and breast cancer (0.72, 0.52-0.89). Liver cancer showed a high mortality rate (SMR, 1.68; 1.06-2.31). In this study, after the long-term follow-up we revealed overall and cause-specific mortality and cancer incidence risk among survivors who ingested arsenic-contaminated dry milk as infants.

Regeneration of complex patterned structures is well described among, although limited to a small sampling of, amphibians. This limitation impedes our understanding of the full range of regenerative competencies within this class of vertebrates, according to phylogeny, developmental life stage, and age. To broaden the phylogenetic breath of this research, we characterized the regenerative capacity of the Texas blind salamander (Eurycea rathbuni), a protected salamander native to the Edwards Aquifer of San Marcos, Texas and colonized by the San Marcos Aquatic Resource Center. As field observations suggested regenerative abilities in this population, the forelimb stump of a live captured female was amputated in the hopes of restoring the structure, and thus locomotion in the animal. Tails were clipped from two males to additionally document tail regeneration.

We show that the Texas blind salamander exhibits robust limb and tail regeneration, like all other studied Plethodontidae. Regeneration in this species is associated with wound epithelium formation, blastema formation, and subsequent patterning and differentiation of the regenerate.

The study has shown that the Texas blind salamander is a valuable model to study regenerative processes, and that therapeutic surgeries offer a valuable means to help maintain and conserve this vulnerable species.

The study has shown that the Texas blind salamander is a valuable model to study regenerative processes, and that therapeutic surgeries offer a valuable means to help maintain and conserve this vulnerable species.Vibrio cholerae isolates responsible for cholera pandemics represent only a small portion of the diverse strains belonging to this species. Indeed, most V. cholerae are encountered in aquatic environments. To better understand the emergence of pandemic lineages, it is crucial to discern what differentiates pandemic strains from their environmental relatives. Here, we studied the interaction of environmental V. cholerae with eukaryotic predators or competing bacteria and tested the contributions of the haemolysin and the type VI secretion system (T6SS) to those interactions. Both of these molecular weapons are constitutively active in environmental isolates but subject to tight regulation in the pandemic clade. We showed that several environmental isolates resist amoebal grazing and that this anti-grazing defense relies on the strains' T6SS and its actincross-linking domain (ACD)-containing tip protein. Strains lacking the ACD were unable to defend themselves against grazing amoebae but maintained high levels of T6SS-dependent interbacterial killing. We explored the latter phenotype through whole-genome sequencing of 14 isolates, which unveiled a wide array of novel T6SS effector and (orphan) immunity proteins. By combining these in silico predictions with experimental validations, we showed that highly similar but non-identical immunity proteins were insufficient to provide cross-immunity among those wild strains.

Candidemia is among the most frequent nosocomial bloodstream infections. Landmark case-control studies on amphotericin B and fluconazole estimated attributable mortality rates of 38% and 49%, respectively. After introduction of echinocandins, these may have decreased.

In a case-control design, 100 consecutive, hospitalised patients with candidemia were enrolled at the University Hospital of Cologne, Germany between 2014 and 2017. Controls were patients without candidemia matched for age, sex, year and duration of hospitalisation, main admission diagnosis and Patient Clinical Complexity Level (PCCL). Main data captured were risk factors for candidemia, attributable mortality rates and diagnostic and therapeutic adherence according to the EQUAL Candida score.

Overall mortality rates for cases and controls were 43% and 17% (P<.001), respectively; day 30 mortality rates were 38% and 11% (P=.03), accounting for an attributable mortality of 26% and 27%. find more Guideline adherence was higher in surviving vs non-surviving patients while survivors reached a median of 17 (IQR 16-19) points, non-surviving cases reached a median 16 (IQR 14-18) points out of 22 maximum achievable points (P=.028). Risk factors for candidemia were more frequent in cases compared to control patients, especially chronic pulmonary disease (25% vs 16%; P=n.s.), chronic liver disease (21% vs 6%; P=.002), stay on intensive care unit (70% vs 64%; P=n.s.), respiratory failure (56% vs 50%; P=n.s.) and central venous catheter (97% vs 35%; P<.001).

Attributable mortality of nosocomial candidemia is still substantial but has decreased compared to previous studies with similar design.

Attributable mortality of nosocomial candidemia is still substantial but has decreased compared to previous studies with similar design.