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mpared to HA in managing pain, namely in the speed of clinical response. However, Spitzer et al. demonstrated an overall superiority of HA in patients with moderate HO, which suggests that optimal selection of patients remains to be defined.

Few studies directly compare the clinical effect between intra-articular injections of GC and HA in HO, showing heterogeneity in the type of population, number of administrations, formulation of HA and follow-up period. The analyzed studies had a short follow-up time. The results obtained seem to demonstrate a superiority of GC compared to HA in managing pain, namely in the speed of clinical response. However, Spitzer et al. demonstrated an overall superiority of HA in patients with moderate HO, which suggests that optimal selection of patients remains to be defined.

DISH/CC is a poorly understood phenotype characterised by peripheral and axial enthesopathic calcifications, frequently fulfilling the radiological criteria for Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis (DISH, MIM 106400), and in some cases associated with Calcium Pyrophosphate Dihydrate (CPPD) Chondrocalcinosis (CC). The concurrence of DISH and CC suggests a shared pathogenic mechanism. In order to identify genetic variants for susceptibility we performed whole exome sequencing in four patients showing this phenotype.

Exome data were filtered in order to find a variant or a group of variants that could be associated with the DISH/CC phenotype. Variants of interest were subsequently confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Selected variants were screened in a cohort of 65 DISH/CC patients vs 118 controls from Azores. The statistical analysis was performed using PLINK V1.07.

We identified 21 genetic variants in 17 genes that were directly or indirectly related to mineralization, several are predicted to have a strong effect at a protein level. Phylogenetic analysis of altered amino acids indicates that these are either highly conserved in vertebrates or conserved in mammals. In case-control analyses, variant rs34473884 in PPP2R2D was significantly associated with the DISH/CC phenotype (p=0.028; OR=1.789, 95% CI= 1.060 - 3.021)).

The results of the present and preceding studies with the DISH/CC families suggests that the phenotype has a polygenic basis. selleck chemical The PPP2R2D gene could be involved in this phenotype in an as yet unknown way.

The results of the present and preceding studies with the DISH/CC families suggests that the phenotype has a polygenic basis. The PPP2R2D gene could be involved in this phenotype in an as yet unknown way.

Knee osteoarthritis is a disease of the elderly population. Two of the widely used treatment options for knee osteoarthritis is administration of oral atorvastatin and intra articular hyaluronic acid. This study was designed to compare the effects of oral atorvastatin and intra articular Hyaluronic acid in patients with knee osteoarthritis.

This study was conducted under the approval of Mashhad University of medical sciences ethic committee. Seventy patients with knee OA were divided randomly into two groups; thirty five subjects were given intra articular Hyaluronic acid injections weekly for three weeks and 35 were given atorvastatin 40 milligrams orally daily for 6 months. WOMAC questioner was filled for each patient at the beginning of the study and every month up to 6 months. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 16.

Enrolled subjects were consisted of 28 males (40%) and 42 females (60%), and their mean age was 57.9±1.1 years. Study groups were similar regarding gender and age distribution (P=0.626,in the second month after treatment. But this improvement did not last through the following months.

Ultrasound study of the wrist in patients with suspected entrapment syndrome has severe limitations due to the variability of what is considered normal for the cross-sectional area of the median nerve and where to proceed to measure it. We aim to determine the extent to which different anthropometric variables influence the median nerve area in subjects without carpal tunnel syndrome.

We conducted an observational study based on a multivariate linear regression analysis using as a dependent variable the area of the median nerve cut at two specific points in the wrist of healthy subjects. The independent variables were sex, age, height, weight, body mass index, finger flexor strength, and carpal circumference.

The measurements of the median nerve cross-sectional area were normalized using a quadratic fixing procedure. Of all the variables included in the linear regression analysis, only carpal circumference and sex (0 female, 1 male) contributed significantly in the final model using the wrist crease as the measurement point (Constant B=-209.45, carpal circumference coefficient=21.07, sex coefficient 10.87). At four centimeters distal to the carpal fold, the model included the same variables (Constant B=-221.84, carpal circumference coefficient=24.01, and sex coefficient=11.41).

Both the wrist circumference and the sex are variables that should be considered to determine cut-off points of normality in future validation studies about the cross-sectional area of the median nerve.

Both the wrist circumference and the sex are variables that should be considered to determine cut-off points of normality in future validation studies about the cross-sectional area of the median nerve.The aim of this study was to find a reliable set of clinical tests to predict pain and disability in patients with shoulder pain. Shoulder pain is the second most frequent musculoskeletal complaint in the primary care setting and has a great impact in work and leisure activities. Patient reported outcomes measuring pain and disability are available, but they are time-consuming, often biased by psychological and sociological factors and depend on patient collaboration. This was an observational, cross-sectional study, including patients with shoulder pain aged 18 to 70 years. Patients filled in the questionnaires Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand outcome measure (DASH) and Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) pain scale. A Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for current pain was applied and sociodemographic and clinical data were collected. Physical examination included the Jobe, Neer and palm-up signs, range of motion (ROM) of shoulder abduction, flexion and rotation (internal and external), both active and passive.