Arsenaultbruun4761

The extensively researched nano-based materials are metal and polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers and micelles, nano-drug delivery vesicles, liposomes and lipid based nanoparticles. In this review article, the impact of nanotechnology on the treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) viral infections during the last decade are outlined.Renal carcinoma (RC) is the ninth most prevalent cancer in men. Advancements in high throughput technology have begun to scratch the surface of the complex landscape of renal cancer. Development, progression, invasion and metastasis are the key mechanism modulated by the microRNAs. Recent pieces of evidence have delineated the role of these micro steering wheels in the regulation of vital processes of RC biology, therefore miRNAs can be implemented as a new therapeutic target for RC. MicroRNAs also negatively affect the process of apoptosis in cancer cells leading to their survival and growth. The role of dysregulated microRNAs in hindering the TRAIL-mediated apoptotic pathway is also known. Therapeutic interventions targeting tumor-suppressive microRNAs to promote apoptosis through extrinsic/intrinsic pathways seem a promising approach for advanced stage and metastatic renal cancers. This review aims to discuss renal carcinoma-specific microRNAs and their role in the TRAIL pathway and also shed light on the distinguished microRNAs that could serve as a diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic targets for this cancer.Imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants causes oxidative stress by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the tissues and organs. Oxidative stress occurs in many damage conditions, and the increase of ROS and reduction of antioxidants enhances inflammation, apoptosis, fibrosis and may worsen the pathology leading to organ failure. The potential therapies aim to increase antioxidants and decrease ROS. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) isolated from the stroma of various tissues are multipotent cells and have beneficial effects on several diseases with their immunomodulation and regeneration capacities. MSCs trigger the proliferation of the cells with various secretory factors, reduce the oxidative stress and decrease apoptosis, inflammation, fibrosis and thus increase the regeneration. However, survival, engraftment and differentiation problems of transplanted MSCs restrict their protective and regenerative effects. Preconditioning of MSCs with several factors such as cytokines, hypoxia, chemical agents, pharmocological drugs, physical factors and growth factors enhances their repairing efficacy for injury and disease models. This review is mainly focused on insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and discusses the research on MSC priming/induction with IGF-1 and HGF stimulation either by supplementation or overexpression can enhance regenerative potential of MSCs on various oxidative stress conditions such as acute/chronic kidney diseases, lung injury, cancer, metabolic and cardiovascular diseases.Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) enable a novel approach in stem cell therapy. Bone marrow (BM) was the first source used in MSCs therapy. However, BM has a number of key limitations as a source of MSCs, such as existence of only a small number of MSCs in the tissue, the painful, ethically problematic, and invasive nature of the associated collection process, and decrease in MSC specifications as age of donors increases. As a result, there has been increasing scholarly attention in identifying alternative sources for MSCs. In specific, Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells (UC-MSCs) has been identified as a valuable source from which MSC may be obtained with potentially fewer ethical issues. MSCs can regulate the immune response, promote tissue repair, increase regeneration, and improve anticancer effects. Thus, they are significant allogenic and autologous representative for curing malignant and non-malignant disorders. In this review, therefore, the prospective applications for curing autoimmune disorders will be considered.

Meningiomas are the third most common intracranial tumors in adults after glial tumors and metastases. Olfactory groove meningiomas often grow without symptoms due to their slow growth rates and location in the frontal lobe. Optic nerve sheath meningiomas are benign neoplasms of the meninges surrounding the optic nerve. The coexistence of olfactory groove and optic nerve sheath meningiomas without any history of neurofibromatosis or radiotherapy has never been reported in the literature.

A 36-year-old female patient presenting with anosmia, headache, memory disturbance, and visual impairment and operated with the diagnosis of olfactory groove meningioma was reported. In the postoperative period, optic nerve sheath meningioma was detected in the imaging performed due to the persistence of visual impairment.

Olfactory groove and optic nerve sheath meningiomas are rare tumors and can be diagnosed late because they progress slowly. Early diagnosis and treatment may affect the prognosis and morbidity of these patients favorably.

Olfactory groove and optic nerve sheath meningiomas are rare tumors and can be diagnosed late because they progress slowly. Early diagnosis and treatment may affect the prognosis and morbidity of these patients favorably.

Diabetes is a chronic disease, with high complexity, that demands strategic medical care with multifactorial risk-reduction approach. Over the past decade, the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has entirely changed. One of the paradigm changes has been the arrival of new drugs that reduce the cardiovascular risk beyond the reduction of A1C.

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2i) and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) are two groups of antidiabetics drugs, which have demonstrated superiority compared to placebo for major cardiovascular events (MACE).

We update and discuss their impact on MACE expressed as relative risk (HR hazard ratio) and as the number needed to treat (NNT) to avoid one cardiovascular event in 5 years. We include the publications of the last 10 years.

Empagliflozin, Canagliflozin and Dapagliflozin presents a HR for MACE of 0.86; 0.86; 0.86 and a NNT 38; 44; 33 respectively (Dapagliflozin in secondary prevention). Regarding HHF (Hospitalization for Heart Failure) the HR was 0.65; 0.67; 0.73 and a NNT of 44; 62; 98. Lixisenatide, Exenatide, Liragutide, Semaglutide, Albiglutide and Dulaglutide presented for MACE a HR of 1.02; 0.91; 0.87; 0.74; 0.78; 0.88 respectively. read more There was no increase in the risk of HHF, but there was no benefit either.

Cardiovascular benefits of the GLP-1RA and the SGLT2i are clinically significant. A number needed to treat under 50 is required to avoid one MACE in five years. These benefits have led to important changes in the Clinical Practice Guidelines and in the care of our patients with T2DM.

Cardiovascular benefits of the GLP-1RA and the SGLT2i are clinically significant. A number needed to treat under 50 is required to avoid one MACE in five years. These benefits have led to important changes in the Clinical Practice Guidelines and in the care of our patients with T2DM.The incidence and mortality of cancer continue to grow since the current medical treatments often fail to produce a complete and durable tumor response and ultimately give rise to therapy resistance and tumor relapse. Heterocycles with potential therapeutic values are of great pharmacological importance, and among them, indazole moiety is a privileged structure in medicinal chemistry. Indazole compounds possess potential anticancer activity, and indazole-based agents such as, axitinib, lonidamine and pazopanib have already been employed for cancer therapy, demonstrating indazole compounds as useful templates for the development of novel anticancer agents. The aim of this review is to present the main aspects of exploring anticancer properties, such as the structural modifications, the structure-activity relationship and mechanisms of action, making an effort to highlight the importance and therapeutic potential of the indazole compounds in the present anticancer agents.Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi is a neglected tropical disease with high prevalence (5.7 million in Latin America, WHO 2015), significant burden and significant morbimortality, mostly due to severe heart disorders during the chronic phase of infection. Chagas disease is endemic in Latin America, and medical care for the disease is the major expense for Brazil's Universal Healthcare System (Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). The efficacy of the available drugs benznidazole and nifurtimox is low for the chronic phase of Chagas disease, the phase in which most patients are diagnosed, and there are frequent side effects and drug resistance occurs. The rapid deployment of new drug regimens that are effective for the chronic phase treatment, which are low-cost and less toxic than the currently available therapy is a global priority. Repurposing drugs already in clinical use with other combinations would be the fastest and safest strategy for treating patients with Chagas disease. Our hypothesis is that the combined treatment using repurposing drugs with benznidazole will be more efficacious than benznidazole alone, this needs to be tested further both in vitro and in animal models to understand the efficacy of the treatment prior to performing human clinical trials. We further hypothesize that producing nanoparticle formulation of the drugs can reduce their toxicity and improve therapeutic use.

Infectious encephalitis is a serious and challenging condition to manage. This overview summarizes the current literature regarding the etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, management, and recent patents of acute childhood infectious encephalitis.

We used PubMed Clinical Queries as a search engine and used keywords of "encephalitis" AND "childhood" Patents were searched using the key term "encephalitis" in google.patents.- com and patentsonline.com.

Viral encephalitis is the most common cause of acute infectious encephalitis in children. In young children, the clinical manifestations can be non-specific. Provision of empiric antimicrobial therapy until a specific infectious organism has been identified, which in most cases includes acyclovir, is the cornerstone of therapy. Advanced investigation tools, including nucleic acid-based test panel and metagenomic next-generation sequencing, improve the diagnostic yield of identifying an infectious organism. Supportive therapy includes adequate airwayo clinical practice. Treatment is targeted at the infectious process but remains mostly supportive. However, specific antimicrobial agents and vaccines development is ongoing.

Aromatase, a cytochrome P450 hemoprotein that is responsible for estrogen biosynthesis by conversion of androgens into estrogens, has been an attractive target in the treatment of hormone- dependent breast cancer. Design of new steroidal aromatase inhibitors becomes imperative.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of two classes of structurally and functionally diverse D-ring pregnenolone pyrazoles as type I aromatase inhibitors and antiproliferative agents.

Pregnenolone (1) was converted to 3β-hydroxy-21-hydroxymethylidenepregn-5-en-20-one (2) which upon cyclization with phenylhydrazine generated regioisomeric pairs of pyrazoles 4 and 5. Further, Knoevenagel condensation of pregnenolone (1) with 3-oxo-3-phenylpropanenitrile (6) produced 2-benzoyl-3-(3-hydroxy-androstan-5-ene-20-ylidene)-but-2-enenitrile (7) which upon cyclization with hydrazine or phenylhydrazine generated the pyrazoles 8 and 9. All new steroidal derivatives were tested for their aromatase inhibition activity using dibenzylfluorescein (DBF) based florescence assay developed by Stresser et al.