Arildsenellis1766

ConspectusThe use of photocatalysis in organic chemistry has encountered a surge of novel transformations since the start of the 21st century. The majority of these transformations are driven by the generation and subsequent reaction of radicals, owing to the intrinsic property of common photocatalysts to transfer single electrons from their excited state. While this is a powerful and elegant method to develop novel transformations, several research groups recently sought to further extend the toolbox of photocatalysis into the realm of polar ionic reactivity by the formation of cationic as well as anionic key reaction intermediates to furnish a desired product.Our group became especially interested in the photocatalytic formation of anionic carbon nucleophiles, as the overall transformation resembles classical organometallic reactions like Grignard, Barbier, and Reformatsky reactions, which are ubiquitous in organic synthesis with broad applications especially in the formation of valuable C-C bonds. Althoughh neutral radicals showing an intrinsically different reactivity than ionic species, novel strategies to form intermediates expressing a polar behavior need to be developed in order to achieve this goal.In the last couple of years, several methods toward this aim have been reported by our group and others. This Account aims to give an overview of the different existing strategies to photocatalytically form carbon centered anions or equivalents of those in order to form C-C bonds. As the main concept is to omit a stoichiometric reductant source (like a low-valent metal in classical organometallic reactions), only redox-neutral and reductant-free transformations were taken into closer consideration. We present selected examples of important strategies and try to illustrate the intentions and concepts behind the methods developed by our group and others.Nanoscale engineering of carbon materials is immensely demanded in various scientific areas. We present highly ordered nitrogen-doped carbon nanowire arrays via block copolymer (BCP) self-assembly under an electric field. Large dielectric constant difference between distinct polymer blocks offers rapid alignment of PMMA-b-PAN self-assembled nanodomains under an electric field. Lithographic patterning of the graphene electrode as well as straightforward thermal carbonization of the PAN block creates well-aligned carbon nanowire device structures. Diverse carbon nanopatterns including radial and curved arrays can be readily assembled by the modification of electrode shapes. Our carbon nanopatterns bear a nitrogen content over 26%, highly desirable for NO2 sensing, as the nitrogen element acts as adsorption sites for NO2 molecules. Aligned carbon nanowire arrays exhibits a 6-fold enhancement of NO2 sensitivity from a randomly aligned counterpart. ATM/ATR inhibition Taking advantage of well-established benefits from device-oriented BCP nanopatterning, our approach proposes a viable route to highly ordered carbon nanostructures compatible to next-generation device architectures.Identifying molecular biomarkers promises to significantly improve the accuracy in cancer diagnosis at its early stage. DNA nanomachines, which are designable and switchable nanostructures made of DNA, show broad potential to detect tumor biomarkers with noninvasive, inexpensive, highly sensitive, and highly specific advantages. This Feature summarizes the recent DNA nanomachine-based platforms for the early detection of cancer biomarkers, both from body fluids and in cells.

The effectiveness of a new vaginal medical device, which contains polycarbophil, 0.04% lauryl glucoside and glycerides (Polybactum^®, Effik Italia Spa, Cinisello Balsamo, Milan, Italy), in reducing BV recurrence rate was investigated.

This was a multicenter, open label, not comparative study. Women over 18 years old affected by recurrent BV were included. The latest episode was diagnosed by Amsel criteria 6-9 days before the start of the study and treated with vaginal metronidazole (gel 0.75% mg for 5 days or ovules 500 mg for 7 days). The recurrence was defined by at least 2 episodes in the previous 12 months. Polybactum^® vaginal ovules, day 1-4-7, were started within the 12^th and the 24^th hour after the end of metronidazole therapy and repeated monthly for 3 cycles.

The first 41 patients enrolled were evaluated for an interim analysis 6 months after the study started; 2 patients interrupted the trial, leaving 39 evaluable subjects. The recurrence rate was significantly reduced compared to previous published data (10.26% vs. 40% P<0.001). In 35 patients without recurrence, the assessment of Lactobacillus vaginal flora performed by phase contrast microscopy evidenced a significant improvement form baseline (P=0.022) The investigator global assessment of tolerability was excellent in 38 out of 39 cases.

Our research showed that 3 monthly cycles of Polybactum^® ovules administered after one course of metronidazole vaginal therapy can reduce the rate of Bacterial vaginosis recurrence and improve the vaginal milieu, favoring the growth of vaginal lactobacillus species.

ovules administered after one course of metronidazole vaginal therapy can reduce the rate of Bacterial vaginosis recurrence and improve the vaginal milieu, favoring the growth of vaginal lactobacillus species.

Understanding the prevalence of major depressive episodes (MDEs) and anxiety disorders at the population level among different labour force segments is critical to assessing and planning equitable mental health policies for Canadians adults. This study quantified prevalence trends of annually reported MDEs, anxiety disorders, and comorbid MDEs and anxiety disorders among working-age Canadians by labour force status, between 2000 and 2016.

This study used multiple cycles of the Canadian Community Health Survey. MDE prevalence was assessed using variants of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Anxiety disorder prevalence captured the presence of an anxiety disorder diagnosed by a healthcare professional. Prevalence estimates were calculated in each survey cycle for three labour force groups employed, unemployed and not participating in the labour force. A meta-analytic framework stratified by labour force status estimated prevalence trends.

Between 2000 and 2016, MDE prevalence remained statistically stable over time at 5.