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There were also several results in the open field and light/dark box suggesting olanzapine decreased anxiety for males but increased it for females. A significant olanzapine-related preference for the novel Y-maze arm either improved spatial memory, or decreased anxiety. Olanzapine thus appeared anxiogenic after 21 days' treatment, becoming anxiolytic after 42 days. This could depend on the sex of the rats (females more responsive to lower doses), and the dose (11 mg/kg/day being most effective). Therefore, while olanzapine was generally anxiolytic, it also had some treatment length- and sex-related anxiogenic effects.Research has highlighted the association of a positive family history of alcoholism with a positive treatment response to opioid antagonists in those with a gambling disorder. However, the role of the opioidergic system in gambling behavior is not well understood, and preclinical studies are needed to clarify this. In this study, Alko Alcohol (AA) and Wistar rats went through operant lever pressing training where the task was to choose the more profitable of two options. Different sized sucrose rewards guided the lever choices, and the probability of gaining rewards changed slowly to a level where choosing the smaller reward was the most profitable option. After training, rats were administered subcutaneously with opioid agonist morphine or opioid antagonist naltrexone to study the impact of opioidergic mechanisms on cost/benefit decisions. No difference was found in the decision-making between AA rats or Wistar rats after the morphine administration, but control data revealed a minor decision enhancing effect in AA rats. Naltrexone had no impact on the decisions in AA rats but promoted unprofitable decisions in Wistar rats. Supporting behavioral data showed that in both rat strains morphine increased, and naltrexone decreased, sucrose consumption. Naltrexone also increased the time to accomplish the operant task. The results suggest that opioid agonists could improve decision-making in cost-benefit settings in rats that are naturally prone to high alcohol drinking. The naltrexone results are ambiguous but may partly explain why opioid antagonists lack a positive pharmacotherapeutic effect in some subgroups of gamblers.Opioid use disorder (OUD) causes the death of nearly 130 Americans daily. It is evident that new avenues for treatment are needed. To this end, studies have reported that 'satiety' agents such as the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist, exendin-4 (Ex-4), decreases responding for addictive drugs such as cocaine, nicotine, alcohol, and oxycodone, but no work has been done with heroin. In this study, we used a reward devaluation model in which rats avoid ingesting a saccharin solution that predicts drug availability to test the effects of 2.4 μg/kg Ex-4 on responding for a natural reward cue (i.e., saccharin) and on cue- and drug-induced heroin seeking. The results showed that treatment with Ex-4 during the 16-day abstinence period and on the test day decreased cue-induced heroin seeking. Drug-induced heroin seeking also was reduced by Ex-4, but only when using a 1 h, but not a 6 h, pretreatment time. Treatment with Ex-4 did not alter intake of the saccharin cue when the drug was on board, but a history of treatment with Ex-4 increased acceptance of the saccharin cue in later extinction trials. Finally, treatment with Ex-4 did not alter body weight, but was associated with increased Orexin 1 receptor (OX1) mRNA expression in the nucleus accumbens shell. Taken together, these findings are the first to show that treatment with a GLP-1R agonist can reduce both cue-induced seeking and drug-induced reinstatement of heroin seeking. As such, a GLP-1R agonist may serve as an effective treatment for OUD in humans.
This historical perspective reviews how work of Eric H. Davidson was a catalyst and exemplar for explaining haematopoietic cell fate determination through gene regulation.
Researchers studying blood and immune cells pioneered many of the early mechanistic investigations of mammalian gene regulatory processes. These efforts included the characterization of complex gene regulatory sequences exemplified by the globin and T-cell/B-cell receptor gene loci, as well as the identification of many key regulatory transcription factors through the fine mapping of chromosome translocation breakpoints in leukaemia patients. As the repertoire of known regulators expanded, assembly into gene regulatory network models became increasingly important, not only to account for the truism that regulatory genes do not function in isolation but also to devise new ways of extracting biologically meaningful insights from even more complex information. Abivertinib nmr Here we explore how Eric H. Davidson's pioneering studies of gene regulatory network control in nonvertebrate model organisms have had an important and lasting impact on research into blood and immune cell development.
The intellectual framework developed by Davidson continues to contribute to haematopoietic research, and his insistence on demonstrating logic and causality still challenges the frontier of research today.
The intellectual framework developed by Davidson continues to contribute to haematopoietic research, and his insistence on demonstrating logic and causality still challenges the frontier of research today.
Investigating regenerative effects of ALA on recovery of SNCI in rats.
Randomized, experimental, and sham-controlled study. Sciatic nerves of 28 rats in 4 groups were traumatized for 60 seconds. G1; sham-operated + saline, G2; SNCI + saline, G3; SNCI + ALA 50 mg/kg/day, G4; SNCI + ALA 100 mg/kg/day. SFI values were measured on day 0, 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28. Sciatic nerve stimulation threshold values (STV) were recorded on day 1, 14, and 28. Endpoint histopathologic evaluation was conducted.
Mean SFI value of G2 but not G3/G4 on day 7 was significantly lower than day 0 (p=0.035, p=0.447/p=0.800). Mean SFI value of G2 but not G3/G4 increased significantly between day 7 and 14 (p=0.035, p=0.447/p=0.438). Day 14 mean sciatic nerve STV of G3/G4 but not G2 were decreased significantly compared to day 1 (p=0.022/p=0.022, p=0.933). link2 Mean sciatic nerve STV of G3/G4 on day 14 were similar to day 0 (p=0.106/p=0.418). Regeneration in muscle and nerve connective tissues, and nerve structures were observed in G3/G4. Inflammation in muscle and nerve tissues of G4 was suppressed down to similar levels of G1. Myelinated nerve fibers were less degenerated in G3/G4.
ALA has the potential to accelerate the process of nerve healing in the context of SNCI in rats.
ALA has the potential to accelerate the process of nerve healing in the context of SNCI in rats.
The aim of this review was to examine biopsychosocial factors associated with an increased risk of attention problems after a traumatic brain injury in children.
A systematic review of the literature was conducted using data sources of MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and CINAHL up to August 30, 2020. Literature primarily examined pediatric patients with traumatic brain injury and attention problems. Risk factors for attention problems posttraumatic brain injury examined in all articles were identified and grouped into broad categories of biological, psychological, and social factors. Methodological quality of each study was assessed using the modified Downs and Black checklist. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines from 2009 were used in completing this review.
Forty articles met inclusion criteria for this study. Overall findings were mixed but suggested that younger age at injury, presence of preinjury attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, poorer preinjury adaptns.The Association of Academic Physiatrists designates this journal-based CME activity for a maximum of 1.0 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit(s)™. link3 Physicians should only claim credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity.
The Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) is a 25-item self-report quantifying dizziness-related physical and emotional symptoms and restrictions in daily activities. DHI scores do not correlate with severity of structural vestibular deficits; thus, high DHI scores may reflect other causes of morbidity. This study investigated the relationship between total DHI scores and the presence of structural, functional, and psychiatric disorders in tertiary neurotology patients.
Retrospective.
Tertiary center.
Eighty-five patients who underwent multidisciplinary neurotologic evaluations.
Diagnostic.
Active illnesses identified by a multidisciplinary neurotology team were abstracted from medical records, cataloged as structural, functional, or psychiatric disorders, and used to group patients into diagnostic categories structural (structural disorders only), functional (functional disorders with/without structural disorders), and psychiatric (psychiatric disorders with/without other conditions). DHI scores wernditions.
Limited data currently characterize management trends of sporadic vestibular schwannoma (VS) in the United States over recent decades. Serving as the primary patient support organization in the United States, the Acoustic Neuroma Association (ANA) facilitates amalgamation of data from patients treated from 1970 through January 2019. The primary objective of the current study was to characterize the evolution in the management of sporadic VS among ANA survey respondents treated over the last half-century.
Cross-sectional survey.
ANA survey respondents diagnosed with sporadic VS.
Trends in rates of microsurgery, radiosurgery, and observation from 1970 to 2019.
Among 953 patients with VS responding during the study period, 876 (92%) were included. Subjects reported the following management strategies 220 observation (25%), 454 microsurgery (52%), and 193 radiosurgery (22%). The rate of microsurgery decreased from 86-88% from 1970 to 2000 to 44% in the last decade. The proportion of VS observed increased from 7% of all tumors in the 1990s, to 14% in the 2000s, to 33% in the 2010s. The rate of radiosurgery has increased to 28% in the last decades compared with 7% in the 1990s. The rate of subtotal resection in tumors > 2 cm increased from 34% in the 2000s to 60% in the 2010s (p = 0.0011).
Overall, these data support a progression toward fewer patients treated with microsurgery in recent decades. Radiosurgery and observation became increasingly more common after the turn of the century, possibly due to better detection of small and asymptomatic tumors and a greater understanding of the natural history of disease.
Overall, these data support a progression toward fewer patients treated with microsurgery in recent decades. Radiosurgery and observation became increasingly more common after the turn of the century, possibly due to better detection of small and asymptomatic tumors and a greater understanding of the natural history of disease.
Vestibular migraine (VM) is the most common neurologic cause of vertigo in adults, but there are no currently-approved rescue therapies. This study describes the benefits of non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation (nVNS) on vertigo, headache, and nystagmus during VM attacks.
Case series of four VM patients who were evaluated during acute VM episodes in a tertiary referral neurology clinic between February 2019 and January 2020. They underwent bedside neuro-otologic examination, and graded the severity of vertigo and headache using a 10-point visual-analog scale (VAS; 0-no symptoms, 10-worst ever symptoms), before and 15 minutes after nVNS.
Average vertigo severity was 5 (median 4.5) before, and 1.5 (median 0.5) after nVNS. Mean headache severity (three patients) before treatment was 4 (median 4), and 0.7 (median 0) after. Spontaneous right-beating nystagmus (Patient 1) nystagmus, upbeat nystagmus (Patient 2), and positional nystagmus (Patient 3) resolved with nVNS. Baseline left-beating nystagmus in Patient 4 from previous vestibular neuritis damped during acute VM but returned to baseline following nVNS.
