Alstruphinton9984

These identified responses were largely conditioned by the previous exposure of community to contaminants. © FEMS 2020.Collagen undergoes many types of post-translational modifications (PTMs), including intracellular modifications and extracellular modifications. Among these PTMs, glycosylation of hydroxylysine (Hyl) is the most complicated. Experimental studies demonstrated that this PTM ceases once the collagen triple helix is formed, and that Hyl-O-glycosylation modulates collagen fibrillogenesis. However, the underlying atomic-level mechanisms of these phenomenon remain unclear. In this study, we first adapted the force field parameters for O-linkages between Hyl and carbohydrates, and then investigated the influence of Hyl-O-glycosylation on the structure of type I collagen molecule, by performing comprehensive molecular dynamics simulations in explicit solvent of collagen molecule segment with and without the glycosylation of Hyl. Data analysis demonstrated that i) collagen triple helices remain in a triple-helical structure upon glycosylation of Hyl; ii) glycosylation of Hyl modulate the peptide backbone conformation and their solvation environment in the vicinity; and iii) the attached sugars are arranged such that their hydrophilic faces are well exposed to the solvent, while their hydrophobic faces point towards the hydrophobic portions of collagen. The adapted force field parameters for O-linkages between Hyl and carbohydrates will aid future computational studies on proteins with Hyl-O-glycosylation. In addition, this work, for the first time, presents the detailed effect of Hyl-O-glycosylation on the structure of human type I collagen at the atomic level, which may provide insights into the design and manufacture of collagenous biomaterials and the development of biomedical therapies for collagen-related diseases. © Crown copyright 2020.Human milk is known to carry its own microbiota, of which the precise origin remains obscure. Breast-feeding allows mother-to-baby transmission of microorganisms as well as transfer of many other milk components, such as human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), which act as metabolizable substrates for particular bacteria, such as bifidobacteria, residing in infant intestinal tract. In the current study, we report HMO composition of 249 human milk samples, in 163 of which we quantified the abundance of members of the Bifidobacterium genus using a combination of metagenomic and flow cytometric approaches. Metagenomic data allowed us to identify four clusters dominated by Bifidobacterium adolescentis and Bifidobacterium pseudolongum, Bifidobacterium crudilactis, or Bifidobacterium dentium, as well as a cluster represented by a heterogeneous mix of bifidobacterial species such as Bifidobacterium breve and Bifidobacterium longum. Furthermore, in vitro growth assays on HMOs coupled with in silico glycobiome analyses allowed us to elucidate that members of the Bifidobacterium bifidum and B. breve species exhibit the highest ability to degrade and grow on HMOs. Altogether these findings indicate that the bifidobacterial component of the human milk microbiota is not strictly correlated to their ability to metabolize HMOs. © FEMS 2020.Here we examined whether glyphosate affects the microbiota of herbivores feeding on non-target plants. Colorado potato beetles (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) were reared on potato plants grown in pots containing soil treated with glyphosate-based herbicide (GBH) or untreated. Per the manufacturer's safety recommendations, the GBH soil treatments were done two weeks prior to planting the potatoes. Later, two-day-old larvae were introduced to the potato plants and then collected in two phases, 4th instar larvae and adults. The larvae's internal microbiota and the adults' intestinal microbiota were examined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The beetles' microbial composition was affected by the GBH treatment and the differences in microbial composition between the control and insects exposed to GBH were more pronounced in the adults. The GBH treatment increased the relative abundance of Agrobacterium in the larvae and the adults. This effect may be related to the tolerance of some Agrobacterium species to glyphosate or to glyphosate-mediated changes in potato plants. On the other hand, the relative abundance of Enterobacteriaceae, Rhodobacter, Rhizobium and Acidovorax in the adult beetles and Ochrobactrum in the larvae were reduced in GBH treatment. These results demonstrate that glyphosate can impact microbial communities associated with herbivores feeding on non-target crop plants. © FEMS 2020.Differentiation of the hormone-producing cells of the pituitary represents an informative model of cell fate determination. The generation and maintenance of two pituitary lineages, the growth hormone (GH) producing somatotropes and the prolactin (PRL) producing lactotropes, are dependent on the pituitary-specific transcription factor, POU1F1. Selleckchem Tezacaftor While POU1F1 is expressed in both cell types, and plays a role in activation of both the Gh and Prl genes, expression of GH and Prl is restricted to somatotropes and lactotropes, respectively. These observations imply the existence of additional factors that contribute to the somatotrope and lactotrope identities and their hormone expressions. Prior transcriptome analysis of primary somatotropes and lactotropes isolated from the mouse pituitary identified enrichment of a transcription factor, Nr4a2, in the lactotropes. Nr4a2 was shown in a cell culture model to bind the Prl promoter at a position adjacent to Pou1f1 and to synergize with Pou1f1 in driving Prl transcription. Here we demonstrate in vivo the role of Nr4a2 as an enhancer of Prl expression by conditional gene inactivation of the Nr4a2 gene in mouse lactotropes. We demonstrate that NR4A2 binding at the Prl promoter is dependent on actions of POU1F1; while POU1F1 is essential to loading Pol II on the Prl promoter, Nr4a2 plays a role in enhancing Pol II release into the Prl gene body. These studies establish an in vivo role of Nr4a2 in enhancing Prl expression in mouse lactotropes, explore its mechanism of action, and establish a system for further study of the lactotrope lineage in the pituitary. © Endocrine Society 2020. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail journals.permissions@oup.com.