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nt increased clonotypic expansion following SABR and correlation between baseline clonality and progression with SABR only (0.082085 vs 0.026051; P = .03). Conclusions and Relevance Treatment with SABR for oligometastatic prostate cancer improved outcomes and was enhanced by total consolidation of disease identified by PSMA-targeted positron emission tomography. SABR induced a systemic immune response, and baseline immune phenotype and tumor mutation status may predict the benefit from SABR. These results underline the importance of prospective randomized investigation of the oligometastatic state with integrated imaging and biological correlates. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT02680587.Snakes have no limbs and can move in various environments using a simple elongated limbless body structure obtained through a long-term evolutionary process. Specifically, snakes have various locomotion patterns, which they change in response to conditions encountered. For example, on an unstructured terrain, snakes actively utilize the terrain's irregularities and move effectively by actively pushing their bodies against the "scaffolds" that they encounter. In a narrow aisle, snakes exhibit concertina locomotion, in which the tail part of the body is pulled forward with the head part anchored, and this is followed by the extension of the head part with the tail part anchored. click here Furthermore, snakes often exhibit three-dimensional locomotion patterns wherein the points of ground contact change in a spatiotemporal manner, such as sidewinding and sinus-lifting locomotion. This ability is achieved possibly by a decentralized control mechanism, which is still mostly unknown. In this study, we address this aspect by employing a synthetic approach to understand locomotion mechanisms by developing mathematical models and robots. We propose a Tegotae-based decentralized control mechanism and use a two-dimensional snake-like robot to demonstrate that it can exhibit scaffold-based and concertina locomotion. Moreover, we extend the proposed mechanism to 3D and use a three-dimensional snake-like robot to demonstrate that it can exhibit sidewinding and sinus-lifting locomotion. We believe that our findings will form a basis for developing snake-like robots applicable to search-and-rescue operations as well as understanding the essential decentralized control mechanism underlying animal locomotion. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology. All rights reserved. For permissions please email journals.permissions@oup.com.Heterosis or hybrid vigour has been used widely for more than a decade in Brassica napus (Canola) production. Canola hybrids show heterosis in a variety of traits compared to parents, including increased biomass at early stages of seedling establishment, which is a critical developmental step that impacts future plant growth and seed yield. In this study, we examined transcriptomes of two parental lines, Garnet (Gar) and NX0052 (0052), and their reciprocal hybrids, Gar/0052, at 4 and 8 days after sowing (DAS). In hybrids, early seedling biomass heterosis is correlated with earlier expression of genes in photosynthesis pathways relative to parents. The hybrids also showed early expression of genes in the auxin biosynthesis pathway, consistent with the higher auxin concentrations detected in hybrid seedlings at 4 DAS. Auxin is a key phyto-hormone that regulates plant development promoting cell expansion and cell proliferation. Consistent with the increased levels of auxin, hybrids have larger and more palisade cells than the parents at the same time point. We propose a possible mechanism of early biomass heterosis through early establishment of photosynthesis and auxin biosynthesis, providing insights of how transcriptional changes in hybrids are translated into phenotypical heterosis. This finding could be utilized in future Canola breeding to identify hybrid combinations with superior early seedling establishment and strong levels of hybrid vigour in later plant development. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Japanese Society of Plant Physiologists. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email journals.permissions@oup.com.Image processing is one of the most important applications of recent machine learning (ML) technologies. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs), a popular deep learning-based ML architecture, have been developed for image processing applications. However, the application of ML to microscopic images is limited as microscopic images are often 3D/4D, that is, the image sizes can be very large, and the images may suffer from serious noise generated due to optics. In this review, three types of feature reconstruction applications to microscopic images are discussed, which fully utilize the recent advancements in ML technologies. First, multi-frame super-resolution is introduced, based on the formulation of statistical generative model-based techniques such as Bayesian inference. Second, data-driven image restoration is introduced, based on supervised discriminative model-based ML technique. In this application, CNNs are demonstrated to exhibit preferable restoration performance. Third, image segmentation based on data-driven CNNs is introduced. Image segmentation has become immensely popular in object segmentation based on electron microscopy (EM); therefore, we focus on EM image processing. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Japanese Society of Microscopy.Sepsis accounts for nearly 700,000 deaths in Europe annually is caused by an overwhelming host response to infection resulting in organ failure. The endothelium is an active contributor to sepsis and as such represents a major target for therapy. During sepsis, endothelial cells amplify the immune response and activate the coagulation system. They are both a target and source of inflammation and serve as a link between local and systemic immune responses. In response to cytokines produced by immune cells, the endothelium expresses adhesion molecules and produces vasoactive compounds, inflammatory cytokines and chemoattractants, thus switching from an anticoagulant to procoagulant state. These responses contribute to local control of infection, but systemic activation can lead to microvascular thrombosis, capillary permeability, hypotension, tissue hypoxia, and ultimately tissue damage. This review focuses on the role of the endothelium in leucocyte adhesion and transmigration, production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species as well as microRNAs and cytokines, formation of signaling microparticles and disseminated intravascular coagulation.