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ecisions in patients aged ≥ 70 years should be made with utmost care.

Drug-resistance surveillance (DRS) data provide key information for building an effective treatment regimen in patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). This study was conducted to investigate the patterns and trends of additional drug resistance in MDR-TB patients in South Korea.

Phenotypic drug susceptibility test (DST) results of MDR-TB patients collected from seven hospitals in South Korea from 2010 to 2019 were retrospectively analyzed.

In total, 633 patients with MDR-TB were included in the analysis. Of all patients, 361 (57.0%) were new patients. All patients had additional resistance to a median of three anti-TB drugs. The resistance rates of any fluoroquinolone (FQ), linezolid, and cycloserine were 26.2%, 0.0%, and 6.3%, respectively. The proportions of new patients and resistance rates of most anti-TB drugs did not decrease during the study period. The number of additional resistant drugs was significantly higher in FQ-resistant MDR-TB than in FQ-susceptible MDR-TB (median of 9.0 vs. 2.0). Among 26 patients with results of minimum inhibitory concentrations for bedaquiline (BDQ) and delamanid (DLM), one (3.8%) and three (11.5%) patients were considered resistant to BDQ and DLM with interim critical concentrations, respectively. Based on the DST results, 72.4% and 24.8% of patients were eligible for the World Health Organization's longer and shorter MDR-TB treatment regimen, respectively.

The proportions of new patients and rates of additional drug resistance in patients with MDR-TB were high and remain stable in South Korea. A nationwide analysis of DRS data is required to provide effective treatment for MDR-TB patients in South Korea.

The proportions of new patients and rates of additional drug resistance in patients with MDR-TB were high and remain stable in South Korea. A nationwide analysis of DRS data is required to provide effective treatment for MDR-TB patients in South Korea.Developing accurate descriptors for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is of great significance yet challenging, which roots in and also boosts the understanding of its intrinsic mechanisms. Despite various descriptors are reported, it still has limitations in the facile prediction, given that complicated analytical techniques as well as time-consuming modeling and calculations are indispensable. In the present work, strong correlation of magnetic property with OER performance is revealed by in-depth investigations on the crystal and electronic structures. A facile descriptor of Curie/Neel temperature (TC/N ) is developed for La2- x Srx Co2 O6- δ perovskite oxides, based on the inference that both magnetism and OER are rooted in the electron exchange interaction. Specifically, both the TC/N and OER activity are proportional to the degree of p-d orbital hybridization, which increases with enlarged bond angle of Co─O─Co and/or increased oxidation of Co. This finding reveals that TC/N from magnetic characterizations is an effective descriptor in designing novel OER electrocatalysts, and interdisciplinary researches are advantageous for revealing the controversial mechanisms of OER process.

Several lines of evidence suggest that the amygdala-hippocampus is involved in the epileptogenic network of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME). The aim of this study was to investigate the alterations in the individual nuclei of the amygdala and hippocampal subfields, and the intrinsic amygdala-hippocampal network of patients with JME compared to healthy controls.

This retrospective study conducted at a single tertiary hospital involved 35 patients with newly diagnosed JME, and 34 healthy subjects. We calculated the individual structural volumes of 18 nuclei in the amygdala, and 38 hippocampal subfields using three-dimensional volumetric T1-weighted imaging and FreeSurfer program. We also performed an analysis of the intrinsic amygdala-hippocampal global and local network based on these volumes using a graph theory and Brain Analysis using Graph Theory (BRAPH) program. We investigated the differences in these volumes and network measures between patients with JME and healthy controls.

There were no signitients with JME compared to healthy controls, which may be related to the pathogenesis of JME, and memory dysfunction in patients with JME.The inflammatory host tissue response, characterized by gliosis and neuronal death at the neural interface, limits signal transmission and longevity of the neural probe. Substance P induces an anti-inflammatory response and neuronal regeneration and recruits endogenous stem cells. Heparin prevents nonspecific protein adsorption, suppresses the inflammatory response, and is beneficial to neuronal behavior. Poly(l-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) (PLCL) is a soft and flexible polymer, and PLCL covalently conjugated with biomolecules has been widely used in tissue engineering. Coatings of heparin-conjugated PLCL (Hep-PLCL), substance P-conjugated PLCL (SP-PLCL), and heparin/substance P-conjugated PLCL (Hep/SP-PLCL) reduced the adhesion of astrocytes and fibroblasts and improved neuronal adhesion and neurite development compared to bare glass. The effects of these coatings are evaluated using immunohistochemistry analysis after implantation of coated stainless steel probes in rat brain for 1 week. In particular, Hep/SP-PLCL coating reduced the activation of microglia and astrocytes, the neuronal degeneration caused by inflammation, and indicated a potential for neuronal regeneration at the tissue-device interface. Suppression of the acute host tissue response by coating Hep/SP-PLCL could lead to improved functionality of the neural prosthesis.

A sabre-sheath trachea is a highly specific sign for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Olprinone chemical structure It also correlates well with the degree of disease. We hypothesized that the term is vastly under-utilized in radiologic reporting, despite its high diagnostic value.

We interrogated our multisite metropolitan-wide radiology information system to find the number of CT reports containing the phrase 'sabre-sheath trachea' and conceivable variants thereof, over the 10years to present. We compared this with the entire number of CT chest reports in the same time period in order to estimate the utilization of the sign.

The results confirmed our hypothesis that the sign is rarely invoked, likely around 1 in 41 times relative to opportunity.

This highly specific sign of chronic obstructive small airway disease should be reinforced in training and utilized by radiologists.

This highly specific sign of chronic obstructive small airway disease should be reinforced in training and utilized by radiologists.