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4%). Mean (SD) time to a new treatment was 4.7 (5.3) months and median OS was 14.6 months. RRMM patients had significantly higher hospitalizations and physician office visits (Both

 < .0001) compared to non-MM patients. Adjusting for baseline characteristics, patients with RRMM had 4.9 times (95% CI 3.8-6.4,

 < .0001) the total healthcare costs compared with patients without MM. The major driver of total costs among RRMM patients was pharmacy costs (67.3%).

RRMM patients showed a high frequency of AEs, low OS, and a substantial economic burden suggesting need for effective treatment options.

RRMM patients showed a high frequency of AEs, low OS, and a substantial economic burden suggesting need for effective treatment options.

Eating disorders are relatively common mental health disorders in Western European and North American populations. The peak incidence occurs within the adolescent years, which correlates with the largest orthodontic patient population. The morbidity associated with these psychological conditions is significant, and has a direct impact upon patient well-being, orthodontic outcomes and the success of treatment. Therefore, it is of relevance to the orthodontist to be aware of potential presenting features of these conditions, when and where to seek advice, and how such disorders may impact upon orthodontic outcomes.

Articles published on PUBMED and MEDLINE relevant to orthodontics and eating disorders were reviewed. Key information was extracted, and the relevant evidence for the orthodontist summarised.

Eating disorders may present to the orthodontist in specialist or hospital practice, either undiagnosed or as a co-morbidity. Orthodontists may benefit from an appreciation of these potential diagnoses, the orthodontic implications and to have the confidence to refer their patients to the necessary services.

There is little existing research in this area.

These conditions have a significant impact on patient morbidity and mortality. This cohort of patients is not suitable for orthodontic treatment while their disease is active. The impact of a developing eating disorder can adversely affect orthodontic treatment.

These conditions have a significant impact on patient morbidity and mortality. MEK inhibitor review This cohort of patients is not suitable for orthodontic treatment while their disease is active. The impact of a developing eating disorder can adversely affect orthodontic treatment.

This is a broad, narrative review of the literature.

In this review, we describe recent biomechanics studies on cement-augmented pedicle screws for osteoporotic spines to determine which factors influence the effect of cement augmentation.

A search of Medline was performed, combining the search terms "pedicle screw" and ("augmentation" OR "cement"). Articles published in the past 5 years dealing with biomechanical testing were included.

Several factors have been identified to impact the effect of cement augmentation in osteoporotic spines. These include the type of augmentation material, the volume of injected cement, the timing of augmentation, the severity of osteoporosis, the design of the pedicle screw, and the specific augmenting technique, among others.

This review elaborates the biomechanics of cement-augmented pedicle screws, determines which factors influence the augmentation effect, and identifies the risk factors of cement leakage in osteoporotic bone, which might offer some guidance when using this technique in clinical practice. Further, we provide information about newly designed screws and recently developed augmentation materials that provide higher screw stability as well as fewer cement-related complications.

This review elaborates the biomechanics of cement-augmented pedicle screws, determines which factors influence the augmentation effect, and identifies the risk factors of cement leakage in osteoporotic bone, which might offer some guidance when using this technique in clinical practice. Further, we provide information about newly designed screws and recently developed augmentation materials that provide higher screw stability as well as fewer cement-related complications.A series of studies was conducted to assess the genetic toxicity of a novel ketone ester, bis hexanoyl (R)-1,3-butanediol (herein referred to as BH-BD), according to Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development testing guidelines under the standards of Good Laboratory Practices. In bacterial reverse mutation tests, there was no evidence of mutagenic activity in any of the Salmonella typhimurium strains tested or in Escherichia coli strain WP2uvrA, at dose levels up to 5,000 μg/plate in the presence or absence of Aroclor 1254-induced rat liver (S9 mix) for metabolic activation. In the in vitro micronucleus test using human TK6 cells, BH-BD did not show a statistically significant increase in the number of cells containing micronuclei when compared with concurrent control cultures at all time points and at any of the concentrations analyzed (up to 100 μg/mL, final concentration in culture medium), with and without S9 mix activation. In the in vivo micronucleus test using Sprague Dawley rats, BH-BD did not show a statistically significant increase in the incidence of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes relative to the vehicle control group. Therefore, BH-BD was concluded to be negative in all 3 tests. These results support the safety assessment of BH-BD for potential use in food.Efforts of traditional acupuncturists in the UK to regulate their practice and standardise their training, led, from the mid-1990s, to the launch of acupuncture undergraduate programmes within, or validated by, universities. It appeared as if by so doing acupuncturists were on course to align themselves with 'scientifically plausible', state-regulated, allied health professionals, a remarkable development considering the marginality of acupuncture practice outside East Asia, and its paradigmatic tensions with biomedicine. But was it really to be? Based on in-depth interviews with higher education acupuncture educators and an analysis of educational documents published by the leading professional body, we explore the way in which this paradigmatic tension is negotiated within a framework that is dominated by biomedicine. By critically revisiting sociology of professions and anti-colonial analysis, we examine an over two decades long journey of acupuncture educators in academic institutions in the UK. Based on this analysis, we point at some of the challenges that acupuncturists faced in higher education that may have restricted the academic legitimisation of acupuncture and that left them in a position of academic marginality and greater exposure to scrutiny, leading to their academic and mainstreaming 'disillusionment'.