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Pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects 1 in 10 children in the US, increases risk of cirrhosis and transplantation in early adulthood, and shortens lifespan, even after transplantation. LAQ824 Exposure to maternal obesity and/or a diet high in fat, sugar and cholesterol is strongly associated with development of NAFLD in offspring. However, mechanisms by which "priming" of the immune system in early life increases susceptibility to NAFLD are poorly understood. Recent studies have focused on the role "non-reparative" macrophages play in accelerating inflammatory signals promoting fibrogenesis. In this Commentary, we review evidence that the pioneering gut bacteria colonizing the infant intestinal tract remodel the naïve immune system in the offspring. Epigenetic changes in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, induced by exposure to an obesogenic diet in utero, may skew lineage commitment of myeloid cells during gestation. Further, microbial dysbiosis in neonatal life contributes to training innate immune cell responsiveness in the gut, bone marrow, and liver, leading to developmental programming of pediatric NAFLD. Comprehensive understanding of how different gut bacteria and their byproducts shape development of the early innate immune system and microbiome will uncover early interventions to prevent NAFLD pathophysiology.

First responder (FR) programmes dispatch professional FRs (police and/or firefighters) or citizen responders to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and use automated external defibrillators (AED) in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). We aimed to describe management of FR-programmes across Europe in response to the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.

In June 2020, we conducted a cross-sectional survey sent to OHCA registry representatives in 18 European countries with active FR-programmes. The survey was administered by e-mail and included questions regarding management of both citizen responder and FR-programmes. A follow-up question was conducted in October 2020 assessing management during a potential "second wave" of COVID-19.

All representatives responded (response rate=100%). Fourteen regions dispatched citizen responders and 17 regions dispatched professional FRs (9 regions dispatched both). Responses were post-hoc divided into three categories FR activation continued unchangerammes for bystander CPR and AED use, and how this may impact patient outcome.Human cancer tissue-derived organoids maintain the mutational spectrum and histological characteristics of their parental tumors and thus provide a platform for predicting patients' responses to anticancer drugs. Here, we provide a fully detailed, step-by-step protocol to derive lung adenocarcinoma organoids from primary tumor tissues. Organoid lines can be generated with a success rate of 80% using our protocol. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Li et al. (2020).As the global response to COVID-19 continues, nurses will be tasked with appropriately triaging patients, responding to events of clinical deterioration, and developing family-centered plans of care within a healthcare system exceeding capacity. Predictive analytics monitoring, an artificial intelligence (AI)-based tool that translates streaming clinical data into a real-time visual estimation of patient risks, allows for evolving acuity assessments and detection of clinical deterioration while the patient is in pre-symptomatic states. While nurses are on the frontline for the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of AI-based predictive analytics monitoring may help cognitively complex clinical decision-making tasks and pave a pathway for early detection of patients at risk for decompensation. We must develop strategies and techniques to study the impact of AI-based technologies on patient care outcomes and the clinical workflow. This paper outlines key concepts for the intersection of nursing and precision predictive analytics monitoring.[This corrects the article DOI 10.1016/j.crfs.2019.11.004.][This corrects the article DOI 10.1016/j.crfs.2019.11.005.][This corrects the article DOI 10.1016/j.crfs.2019.12.002.][This corrects the article DOI 10.1016/j.crfs.2019.11.003.].During Camellia sinensis tea processing, manufacturers usually remove the internodes, which are classified as waste. This study presents the first determination of plant part contribution, particularly internodes, to green tea quality, in order to find the best blend to maximize impact on human health. Catechins, caffeine and free amino acid (FAA) profiles were determined by RP-HPLC/DAD, total phenolics (TPC) and total flavonoids (TFC) by Folin-Ciocalteu and colorimetric methodologies, respectively, and antioxidant activities by free radical-scavenging activity (FRSA), ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and ferrous ion-chelating (FIC) methods. Individual esterified catechins content decreased as follows epicatechin-3-gallate > epigallocatechin-3-gallate ≫ gallocatecin-3-gallate, and epicatechin derivatives content ranged from 63.91 to 91.22% of total catechins. Caffeine content was higher in internodes. L-theanine, histidine, asparagine, phenylalanine, glutamic acid and methionine were the major FAAs, and internodes contained the highest amounts of L-theanine and histidine (17 and 13.73 mg/g of sample, respectively). TPC ranged from 201.51 to 265.48 mg gallic acid equivalents/g dry extract (DE) and TFC ranged from 23.84 to 72.02 mg rutin equivalents/g DE. Internodes presented the lowest FRSA (EC50 = 6.10-13.50 μg/mL), FRAP (EC50 = 5.70-11.40 μg/mL) and FIC activity (36.96-79.21%). Bud presented the highest FRSA and FRAP, and bud+1st+2ndleaves + internodes the highest FIC activity. The results revealed the potential contribution of the internodes to green tea quality and, consequently, to human health.Bovine-derived formula milk (FM) is a common substitute to human milk (HM), but lacks key functional benefits associated with HM. Accordingly, there have been significant efforts to humanise FM. Recent research has demonstrated that HM-derived peptides convey an array of beneficial bioactivities. Given that peptides serve as important signalling molecules offering high specificity and potency, they represent a prime opportunity to humanise FM. To further understand how HM-derived peptides contribute to infant health, we used peptidomics and bioinformatics to compare the peptide profile of HM to commercially available FM. We found clear and substantial differences between HM and FM in terms of peptide physicochemical properties, protein coverage and abundance. We additionally identified 618 peptides specific to HM that represent an important untapped source to be explored for novel bioactivities. While further study is required, our findings highlight the potential of a peptide-based approach to address the functional gap in FM.