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Accumulated evolutionary knowledge not only benefits our understanding of the pathogenesis of diseases, but also help in the search for new drug targets. This is further supported by the recent finding that human accelerated regions (HARs) identified by comparative genomic studies are linked to human neural system evolution and are also associated with neurological disorders. Here, we analyze the associations between HARs and diseases and drugs. We found that 32.42% of approved drugs target at least one HAR gene, which is higher than the ratio of in-research drugs. More interestingly, HAR gene-targeted drugs are most significantly enriched with agents treating neurological disorders. Thus, HAR genes have important implications in medical genetics and drug discovery. BACKGROUND AND AIMS Propofol-based sedations are widely used in ERCP procedures, but adverse respiratory or cardiovascular events commonly occur. Intravenous injection of lidocaine has an analgesic effect and can reduce the requirements of fentanyl and propofol during abdominal surgery. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of intravenous lidocaine on propofol requirements during ERCP procedures. METHOD Forty-eight patients scheduled for ERCP were randomly divided into 2 groups (the lidocaine group and the control group). All patients received 0.02 mg/kg midazolam and 0.1 μg/kg sufentanil intravenously as premedication. A bolus of propofol was applied for induction of sedation, and perfusion of propofol was applied for maintenance. The patients in the lidocaine group received a bolus of 1.5 mg/kg lidocaine intravenously followed by continuous infusion of 2 mg/kg/h whereas the control group received the same volumes of saline solution. The primary outcome was the propofol requirement during ERCP. RESULTS Compared with the control group, the propofol requirements were reduced by 33.8% in the lidocaine group (212.0±118.2 mg vs 320.0±189.6 mg, p=0.023). Involuntary movement was less common in the lidocaine group than in the control group (12.5% vs 41.7%, p=0.049). In the lidocaine group, postprocedure pain and fatigue were significantly reduced (0 [0-4] vs 3 [0-5], p=0.005; 2 [0-4] vs 5 [2-8], p less then 0.001).The incidence of oxygen desaturation, hypotension, and bradycardia tended to be lower in the lidocaine group. CONCLUSIONS Intravenous lidocaine can significantly decrease propofol requirements during ERCP, with higher sedation quality and endoscopist satisfaction. Cryopreservation and the low revival rate of cryopreserved cells remains a major challenge in cell based bone regeneration therapies. In our current study we aimed to develop a sericin based hydrogel composite incorporating various drugs and growth factors to enhance cell attachment, cryopreservation to increase the cellular viability upon revival. Sericin, gelatin and carrageenan blended hydrogel composites were prepared and explored for their physicochemical properties. The hydrogels prepared were porous and showed higher biocompatibility. Further, silver nanoparticles, alendronate and insulin like growth factor (IGF-1) were incorporated into the hybrid hydrogels individually and checked for sustained drug release profile. IGF-1 incorporated hydrogels composites showed better osteogenic cell attachment, proliferation and cell revival upon cryopreservation. The clonogenic potential of seeded cells upon 30 days of cryopreservation was also evaluated which was 55% in IGF-1 incorporated scaffold cells. A flow cytometry based staining protocol using Annexin V was developed which showed a live cell population up to 80% even after 30 days of crypreservation. These results validate the potential of our formulated hydrogels as cell based systems aimed for increasing cell survival upon cryopreservation and thus has a great potential for bone repair and regeneration. V.Previously, an antioxidant xanthan-oligosaccharide (LW-XG) was successfully produced via bio-degradation of commercial xanthan. In present work, the antibacterial activity and mechanism action of LW-XG against Staphylococcus aureus were studied. Inhibition zone of LW-XG in agar diffusion test was evident and its minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) against S. aureus was 0.63 mg/mL. Inhibitory mechanism investigation showed that LW-XG increased the cell membrane permeability of S. aureus. Meanwhile, we found that LW-XG could retard the formation of S. aureus biofilm and lower the transcriptional levels of genes (fnbA, fnbB and clfB) related to biofilm formation. Furthermore, LW-XG decreased the Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase activity on S. aureus cell membrane and promoted the accumulation of calcium ions in cytoplasm. Overall, LW-XG could inhibit the growth of S. aureus and be regarded as a promising antibacterial substitute in food and pharmaceutical industries. V.The point mutation in myostatin (MSTN) can produce the Texel sheep double muscle phenotype. However, whether other species have the same mode of action as MSTN and whether breeding materials can be obtained through cross-species genetic editing remain unclear. The mutation in the mouse MSTN 3'UTR could create a target site for mmu-miR-1/206, as verified by the dual luciferase reporter system. A C2C12 cell model with the mutation in MSTN 3'UTR was constructed using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing. Then, the mRNA and protein expression of MSTN was analyzed in the mutant C2C12 cell model. Results revealed that the mutation blocked the translational level of MSTN. By inhibiting mmu-mir-206, low expression of MSTN protein in mutant C2C12 cell can be rescued. Furthermore, the proliferation and differentiation abilities of the mutant C2C12 cell model were tested by RT-PCR, CCK8 analysis, EDU (5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine) proliferation analysis, immunofluorescence analysis, Western blot, and myotube fusion statistics. This study may serve as a reference for elucidating the function and molecular mechanism of MSTN and as a foundation for accurate breeding improvement. V.By natural selection, organisms evolve different solutions to cope with extremely cold weather. buy VPA inhibitor The emergence of an antifreeze protein gene is one of the most momentous solutions. Antifreeze proteins possess an importantly functional ability for organisms to survive in cold environments and are widely found in various cold-tolerant species. In this review, we summarize the origin of antifreeze proteins, describe the diversity of their species-specific properties and functions, and highlight the related biotechnology on the basis of both laboratory tests and bioinformatics analysis. The most recent advances in the applications of antifreeze proteins are also discussed. We expect that this systematic review will contribute to the comprehensive knowledge of antifreeze proteins to readers.