Ahmadhave6985

The causal closure of physics is usually discussed in a context free way. Here I discuss it in the context of engineering systems and biology, where strong emergence takes place due to a combination of upwards emergence and downwards causation (Ellis, Emergence in Solid State Physics and Biology, 2020, arXiv2004.13591). Firstly, I show that causal closure is strictly limited in terms of spatial interactions because these are cases that are of necessity strongly interacting with the environment. Effective Spatial Closure holds ceteris parabus, and can be violated by Black Swan Events. Secondly, I show that causal closure in the hierarchy of emergence is a strictly interlevel affair, and in the cases of engineering and biology encompasses all levels from the social level to the particle physics level. However Effective Causal Closure can usefully be defined for a restricted set of levels, and one can experimentally determine Effective Theories that hold at each level. This does not however imply those effective theories are causally complete by themselves. In particular, the particle physics level is not causally complete by itself in the contexts of solid state physics (because of interlevel wave-particle duality), digital computers (where algorithms determine outcomes), or biology (because of time dependent constraints). Furthermore Inextricably Intertwined Levels occur in all these contexts.The COVID-19 crisis has fundamentally disrupted teaching and learning practices at many post-secondary institutions with a highly residential population. The present article outlines the situation at Harvard University and details the steps taken by the Language Center to mitigate the effects of the transition to remote teaching and learning. These include changes in communication strategies, support mechanisms for faculty and students, and modifications to the Center's operational policies. The authors provide a number of concrete recommendations for academic support units in transitions of this type.This article demonstrates how, at a time when learners may be experiencing fear and chaos in other aspects of their lives, a focus on language task engagement is essential across both online and offline language learning contexts. It presents a model of language task engagement and describes why and how teachers can use it to support learner achievement during the current crisis and in the future.Social distancing and lockdown measures taken to contain the spread of COVID-19 may have distributional economic costs beyond the contraction of GDP. Here we evaluate the capacity of individuals to work under a lockdown based on a Lockdown Working Ability index which considers their teleworking capacity and whether their occupation is essential or closed. Our analysis reveals substantial and uneven potential wage losses across the distribution all around Europe and we consistently find that both poverty and wage inequality rise in all European countries. Under four different scenarios (2 months of lockdown and 2 months of lockdown plus 6 months of partial functioning of closed occupations at 80%, 70% and 60% of full capacity) we estimate for 29 European countries an average increase in the headcount poverty index that goes from 4.9 to 9.4 percentage points and a mean loss rate for poor workers between 10% and 16.2%. The average increase in the Gini coefficient ranges between 3.5% to 7.3% depending on the scenario considered. Decomposing overall wage inequality in Europe, we find that lockdown and social distance measures produce a double process of divergence both inequality within and between countries increase.The Covid-19 pandemic forces North American churches to reckon with long-standing crises and questions surrounding online community, access to worship, decline in membership, the struggle of small congregations, and the reality of our global communion. This article describes a response grounded in faith defined as confidence in our liberation from pride and despair through Jesus Christ. There is need for clarity of doctrine and spiritual courage to fulfill the church's twofold mission to sustain and grow the body of Christ; both these tasks require courage to approach and speak from the Gospel in ever-new contexts and ages.Despite signs of public unity in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the pandemic has also highlighted our divisions, disparities, and racism. The churches can have a voice for greater harmony and community if their public theology flows from their core beliefs and practices and is marked by engagement with truth, and a vision of hope acted out with compassion.The review summarizes data on the practical aspects of the interaction of nucleic acids with diazapyrene derivatives. The information on biological activity is given and the probable mechanisms underlying the action of diazapyrenes are analyzed. It contains 119 references.Ion channels of viruses (viroporins) represent a common type of protein targets for drugs. The relative simplicity of channel architecture allows convenient computational modeling and enables virtual search for new inhibitors. In this review, we analyze the data published over the last 10 years on known ion channels of viruses that cause socially significant diseases. The effectiveness of inhibition by various types of heterocyclic compounds of the viroporins of influenza virus, hepatitis С virus, human immunodeficiency virus, human papillomaviruses, coronaviruses, and respiratory syncytial virus is discussed. The presented material highlights the promise held by the search for heterocyclic antiviral compounds that act by inhibition of viroporins.The routes of synthesis are considered, as well as the modifications of the promising modern antiviral drug favipiravir. Literature data from the last 10 years are reported.This review article is devoted to the so-called fleximer nucleoside analogs, containing two or more planar moieties in the heterocyclic base, connected by a bond that permits rotation. MK-8245 SCD inhibitor Such analogs have been proposed as molecular probes for detecting enzyme-substrate interactions and studying the transcription and translation of nucleic acids, but subsequently have attracted the interest of researchers by their antiviral and antitumor activity. The methods used in the synthesis of such compounds, along with their structural features and also biological activity are considered in this review.