Aguirreerlandsen5528

2% and image-level accuracy of 96.7% is recorded. CONCLUSION The proposed hybrid method achieves the best performance as compared to previous methods and it can be used for the intelligent healthcare systems and early breast cancer detection. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.BACKGROUND The videos produced during wireless capsule endoscopy have larger data size causing difficulty in transmission with limited bandwidth. The constraint on wireless capsule endoscopy hinders the performance of compression module. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this paper are as follows (i) to have an extensive review on the lossless compression techniques and (ii) to find out the limitations of the existing system and the possibilities for improvement. METHOD The literature review has been done with a focus on the compression schemes satisfying minimum computational complexity, less power dissipation and low memory requirements for hardware implementation. A thorough study on various lossless compression techniques is done under two perspectives, i.e., techniques applied on Bayer CFA and RGB images. The details of the various stages of wireless capsule endoscopy compression are looked into to have a better understanding. The suitable performance metrics for evaluating the compression techniques are listed from various literatures. RESULT In addition to the Gastrolab database that is widely, WEO clinical endoscopy atlas and Gastrointestinal atlas found to be better alternatives for experimentation. Pre-processing operations, especially new subsampling patterns need to be given more focus to exploit the redundancies in the images. Investigations shows encoder module can be modified to bring more improvement towards compression. The real-time endoscopy still exists as a promising area for exploration. CONCLUSION This review presents a research update on the details of wireless capsule endoscopy compression together with the findings as an eye-opener and guidance for further research. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The recent alarming reports relating to "opioid crisis" necessitates the development of safer and effective analgesics without unwanted side effects. Thus, there needs to be alternative target or strategy for the development of drugs for the treatment of opioid use/abuse. As one of the novel targets, in these two decades, ligands targeting opioid receptor "heteromerization" including mu opioid receptor (MOPr)-delta opioid receptor (DOPr) heteromer has been proposed and the pharmacological advancement of reduced side effects has been broadly accepted and well recognized. In this review, I will introduce some of the ligands targeting both MOPr and DOPr or MOPr-DOPr heteromers especially focusing on their pharmacological effects in vivo. CONCLUSION I found that most of those ligands possesses potent antinociceptive activity (as much as or higher than that of morphine) with reduced side effects such as tolerance. In addition, some of them are also able to reduce or prevent physiological withdrawal symptoms observed under chronic opioid use. Importantly, there are increasing number of evidences that show changes in heteromer expression in various pathological animal models and these strongly argue for targeting heteromers for the development the next generation of pain medication in the near future. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.Ketamine has been shown to be efficacious for the treatment of depression, specifically among individuals who do not responded to first-line treatments. There is still, however, a lack of clarity surrounding the clinical features and response periods across samples that respond to ketamine. This paper systematically reviews published randomized, controlled trials that investigate ketamine as an antidepressant intervention in both unipolar and bipolar depression to determine the specific clinical features of the samples across different efficacy periods. Moreover, similarities and differences in clinical characteristics associated with acute versus longer-term drug response are discussed. selleck compound Similarities across all samples suggest that the population that responds to ketamine's antidepressant effect have experienced chronic, long-term depression, approaching ketamine treatment as a "last resort". Moreover, differences between these groups suggest future research to investigate the potential of stronger efficacy towards depression in the context of bipolar disorder compared to major depression, and in participants who undergo antidepressant washout before ketamine administration. From these findings, suggestions for the future direction of ketamine research for depression are formed. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.BACKGROUND Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac rhythm disorder associated with stroke. Increased risk of stroke is the same regardless of whether the AF is permanent or paroxysmal. However, detecting paroxysmal AF is challenging and resource intensive. We aimed to develop a predictive model for AF in patients with acute ischemic stroke, which could improve the detection rate of paroxysmal AF. METHODS We analyzed 10,034 adult patients with acute ischemic stroke. Differences in clinical characteristics between the patients with and without AF were analyzed in order to develop a predictive model of AF. The associated factors for AF were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression and classification and regression tree (CART) analyses. We used another dataset, which enrolled 860 acute ischemic stroke patients without AF at baseline, to test whether the developed model could improve the detection rate of paroxysmal AF. Among the study population, 1,658 patients (16.5%) had AF. RESULTS Multivariase email at epub@benthamscience.net.BACKGROUND Depression and anxiety after stroke is common and likely to be neglected. Abnormal red blood cell (RBC) indices may be associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the association of RBC indices with post-stroke depression (PSD) and post-stroke anxiety (PSA) has not been sufficiently investigated. METHODS We aimed to investigate the trajectory of post-stroke depression and anxiety in our follow-up stroke clinic at 1, 3, and 6 months, and the association of RBC indices with these. One hundred and sixty-two patients with a new diagnosis of ischemic stroke were followed up at 1, 3, and 6 months, and underwent Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and the general anxiety disorder 7-item (GAD-7) questionnaire for evaluation of depression and anxiety, respectively. First, we used Kaplan-Meier analysis to investigate the accumulated incidences of post-stroke depression and post-stroke anxiety. Next, to explore the association of RBC indices with psychiatric disorders after an ischemic stroke attack, we adjusted for demographic and vascular risk factors using multivariate Cox regression analysis. RESULTS Of the 162 patients with new onset of ischemic stroke, we found that the accumulated incidence rates of PSD (1.2%, 17.9%, and 35.8%) and PSA (1.2%, 13.6%, and 15.4%) at the 1, 3, and 6 months, respectively. The incident PSD and PSA increased 3 months after a stroke attack. Multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated independent positive associations between PSD risk and higher mean corpuscular volume (MCV) (OR=1.42, 95% CI=1.16-1.76), older age (OR=2.63, 95% CI=1.16-5.93), and a negative relationship between male sex (OR=0.95, 95% CI=0.91-0.99) and PSA. CONCLUSION The risks of PSD and PSA increased substantially 3 months beyond stroke onset. Of the RBC indices, higher MCV showed an independent positive association with PSD. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.In recent years, SLNs and NLCs are among the popular drug delivery systems studied for delivery of lipophilic drugs. Both systems have demonstrated several beneficial properties as an ideal drug-carrier, optimal drug-loading and good long-term stability. NLCs are getting popular due to their stability advantages and possibility to load various oil components either as an active or as a matrix. This review screens types of oils used till date in combination with solid lipid to form NLCs. These oils are broadly classified in two categories Natural oils and Essential oils. NLCs offer range advantages in drug delivery due to the formation of imperfect matrix owing to the presence of oil. The type and percentage of oil used determines optimal drug loading and stability. Literature shows that variety of oils is used in NLCs mainly as matrix, which is from natural origin, triglycerides class. On the other hand, essential oils not only serve as a matrix but as an active. In short, oil is the key ingredient in formation of NLCs, hence needs to be selected wisely as per the performance criteria expected. link2 Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.Neuropathic pain is caused by damage to or dysfunction of the somatosensory nervous system. The main mechanisms underlying neuropathic pain including ectopic activity in nociceptive nerves, peripheral and central sensitization, impaired inhibitory modulation, and microglial activation. Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) make up a large family of growth factors that mediate neural development, metabolism, and function through three main key signaling pathways, including RAS/MAP kinase pathway, PI3 kinase/Akt pathway, and PLCγ. An association between the members of the FGF system and improvement of neuropathic pain has become evident, recently. These signaling molecules may be expected to provide new drug targets for the treatment of neuropathic pain. To our best knowledge, it is the first that reviews the relationship between some members of the FGF system and neuropathic pain. link3 Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are part of the microbiota of human skin and rarely linked with soft tissue infections. In recent years, CoNS species considered as one of the major nosocomial pathogens and can cause several infections such as catheter-acquired sepsis, skin infection, urinary tract infection, endophthalmitis, central nervous system shunt infection, surgical site infections, and foreign body infection. These microorganisms have a significant impact on human life and health and, as typical opportunists, cause peritonitis in individuals undergoing peritoneal dialysis. Moreover, it is revealed that these potential pathogens are mainly related to the use of indwelling or implanted in a foreign body and cause infective endocarditis (both native valve endocarditis and prosthetic valve endocarditis) in patients. In general, approximately eight percent of all cases of native valve endocarditis is associated with CoNS species, and these organisms cause death in 25% of all native valve endocarditis cases. Moreover, it is revealed that methicillin-resistant CoNS species cause 60 % of all prosthetic valve endocarditis cases. In this review, we describe the role of the CoNS species in infective endocarditis, and we explicated the reported cases of CoNS infective endocarditis in the literature from 2000 to 2020 to determine the role of CoNS in the process of infective endocarditis. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.