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Furthermore, these results open new perspectives for knowledge of the mechanisms that underlie the higher percentage of Treg cells found in peripheral blood of PCM patients.Traditional statistical analyses of randomized clinical trials typically employ p-values within a null hypothesis significance testing paradigm. Clinical adoption of randomized trials results, by both guideline writers and individual clinicians, are often unequivocally determined by a deification of p less then 0.05. While the many limitations and large potential for misinterpretations with this approach have long been appreciated in the statistical literature, these issues are less frequently considered in the clinical literature. Discussions of these limitations may be viewed as esoteric, so that many cardiovascular specialists believe they are of little clinical importance. Using contemporary examples from the cardiovascular literature the potential, interpretative pitfalls in assessing "negative", "positive" and "non-inferiority" trials are discussed accompanied by caveats on the statistical issues of the strength of the evidence and researcher degrees of freedom. Considerations such as effect size overestimation, robustness of results, statistical power issues, pitfalls in noninferiority-trial interpretation, researcher degrees of freedom, and strength of evidence are discussed, using examples from well-known trials in the areas of surgical and interventional management of coronary artery disease, heart-failure management and pharmacotherapy. The examples provided illustrate how even landmark trials in prestigious journals can present statistical problems that substantially undermine their conclusions or even make them unreliable. The goal of the article is to help clinicians to more accurately reflect upon and interpret research, by emphasizing the importance of the choice and interpretation of some of the current statistical techniques employed in the analyses of randomized clinical trials.A better understanding of practice-induced functional and structural changes in our brains can help us design more effective learning environments that provide better outcomes. Although there is growing evidence from human neuroimaging that experience-dependent brain plasticity is expressed in measurable brain changes that are correlated with behavioural performance, the relationship between behavioural performance and structural or functional brain changes, and particularly the time course of these changes, is not well characterised. To understand the link between neuroplastic changes and behavioural performance, 15 healthy participants in this study followed a systematic eye movement training programme for 30 min daily at home, 5 days a week and for 6 consecutive weeks. Behavioural performance statistics and eye tracking data were captured throughout the training period to evaluate learning outcomes. see more Imaging data (DTI and fMRI) were collected at baseline, after two and six weeks of continuous training, and l in optimising practice environments or rehabilitative training programmes.Letter production relies on a tight coupling between motor movements and visual feedback-each stroke of the letter is visually experienced as it is produced. Experience with letter production leads to increases in functional connectivity, a measure of neural communication, among visual and motor brain systems and leads to gains in letter recognition in preliterate children. We hypothesized that the contingency between the motor and visual experiences of the written form during production would result in both effects. Twenty literate adults were trained on four sets of novel symbols over the course of one week. Each symbol set was trained through one of four training conditions drawing with ink, drawing without ink, watching a handwritten symbol unfold as if being drawn, and watching a static handwritten symbol. Contingency of motor and visual experiences occurred in the drawing with ink condition. The motor and visual experiences were rendered non-contingent in each of the other three conditions by controlling for visual or motor experience. Participants were presented with the trained symbols during fMRI scanning at three time points one pre-training, one post-training, and one after a week-long no-training delay. Recognition was tested after each training session and after the third scan. We found that the contingency between visual and motor experiences during production changed the pattern of functional connectivity among visual, motor, and auditory neural communities and resulted in better recognition performance at post-training than at pre-training. Recognition gains were maintained after the no-training delay, but the functional connections observed immediately after training returned to their pre-training baselines. Our results suggest that behaviors that couple sensory and motor systems result in temporary changes in neural communication during perception that may not directly support changes in recognition.Over the past 10-20 years, neuroscience witnessed an explosion in the use of non-invasive imaging methods, particularly magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), to study brain structure and function. Simultaneously, with access to MRI in many research institutions, MRI has become an indispensable tool for researchers and veterinarians to guide improvements in surgical procedures and implants and thus, experimental as well as clinical outcomes, given that access to MRI also allows for improved diagnosis and monitoring for brain disease. As part of the PRIMEatE Data Exchange, we gathered expert scientists, veterinarians, and clinicians who treat humans, to provide an overview of the use of non-invasive imaging tools, primarily MRI, to enhance experimental and welfare outcomes for laboratory non-human primates engaged in neuroscientific experiments. We aimed to provide guidance for other researchers, scientists and veterinarians in the use of this powerful imaging technology as well as to foster a larger conversation and community of scientists and veterinarians with a shared goal of improving the well-being and experimental outcomes for laboratory animals.