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A diagnosis of rhabdomyosarcoma, though rare and challenging, should not be overlooked when considering malignant cells with an epithelioid morphology in cytology specimens.O-GlcNAc is a common post-translational modification of nuclear, mitochondrial, and cytoplasmic proteins that regulates normal physiology and the cell stress response. Dysregulation of O-GlcNAc cycling is implicated in the etiology of type II diabetes, heart failure, hypertension, and Alzheimer's disease, as well as cardioprotection. These protocols cover simple and comprehensive techniques for detecting proteins modified by O-GlcNAc and studying the enzymes that add or remove O-GlcNAc. © 2021 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1 Increasing the stoichiometry of O-GlcNAc on proteins before analysis Basic Protocol 2 Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using antibodies Basic Protocol 3 Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using the lectin sWGA Support Protocol 1 Control for O-linked glycosylation Basic Protocol 4 Detection and enrichment of proteins using WGA-agarose Support Protocol 2 Digestion of proteins with hexosaminidase Alternate Protocol Detection of proteins modified by O-GlcNAc using galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 3 Autogalactosylation of galactosyltransferase Support Protocol 4 Assay of galactosyltransferase activity Basic Protocol 5 Characterization of labeled glycans by β-elimination and chromatography Basic Protocol 6 Detection of O-GlcNAc in 96-well plates Basic Protocol 7 Assay for OGT activity Support Protocol 5 Desalting of O-GlcNAc transferase Basic Protocol 8 Assay for O-GlcNAcase activity.In observational studies of children and adolescents, higher body weight has been associated with distinct disease outcomes, including cancer, in adulthood. Therefore, we performed a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study to evaluate the causal effect of childhood obesity on long-term cancer risk. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with higher childhood body mass index (BMI) from large-scale genome-wide association studies were used as genetic instruments. Summary-level data for 24 site-specific cancers were obtained from UK Biobank. We found that a 1-SD increase in childhood BMI (kg/m2 ) was significantly associated with a 60% increase in risk of pancreatic cancer (odds ratio [OR] 1.60; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.12-2.28; P less then  0.01) and a 47% increase in risk of esophageal cancer (OR 1.47; 95% CI 1.09-1.97; P less then  0.01) in adults. In contrast, there was an inverse association of genetic predisposition to childhood obesity with throat (OR 0.46; 95% CI 0.27-0.79; P less then  0.01) and breast cancer (OR 0.77; 95% CI 0.64-0.94; P less then  0.01) in adult life. For the other 20 cancers studied, no statistically significant association was observed. Our MR analyses found causal effects of childhood obesity on several cancers. Maintaining a healthy weight should be emphasized during childhood and adolescence to prevent cancer risk later in life.

To report the surgical techniques and results of robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) with intracorporeal Mainz Ⅱ rectosigmoid pouch at our centre.

Two female patients were treated with this procedure. Construction of the pouch was divided into four main steps incision of the rectum and sigmoid colon, closure of the posterior wall of the pouch, reimplantation of the ureters at the bottom of pouch in an anti-reflux manner, and closure of the anterior wall. Surgical results and perioperative complications were assessed.

The operations were performed completely intracorporeally. No perioperative complications were observed. Postoperatively, high-grade invasive urothelial carcinoma was detected. On postoperative day 60, no bilateral ureteral dilation was detected. Two patients demonstrated total continence. YK-4-279 Clinical recurrence was not observed during the follow-up period.

With careful patient selection, robot-assisted intracorporeal Mainz Ⅱ rectosigmoid pouch might be a simple minimally invasive surgical technique to be evaluated in repeated applications.

With careful patient selection, robot-assisted intracorporeal Mainz Ⅱ rectosigmoid pouch might be a simple minimally invasive surgical technique to be evaluated in repeated applications.

Individualized information about the risk of incontinence after prostatectomy could help patients in shared decision-making.

We compared a historical control cohort (n = 254; between June 2016 and 2017) that received standardized information about the risk of incontinence after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) with a prospective patient cohort (n = 254; between June 2017 and May 2018) that received individualized information of the chance of recovery of incontinence within 6 months postoperatively based on the continence prediction tool (CPRED). We measured switch in treatment choice, health-related quality of life (QoL) in both cohorts and the accuracy of the CPRED tool.

Patients in the individualized information group with RARP as initial preference switched more often to another treatment than patients who received standardized information (16% vs. 5%; p = 0.001). Patients in the individualized information group with a high risk of incontinence and with RARP as initial preference switched more often to other treatments than patients in intermediate/low risk of incontinence (35% vs. 9.8%; p = 0.001). Patients with a low risk of incontinence choosing RARP after individualized information were less likely to use more than one diaper a day at any time postoperative (p = 0.001) compared to men with an intermediate/high incontinence risk. Overall QoL was worse in patients with incontinence than patients with continence 6 and 12 months after RARP (respectively;p < 0.0001 and p = 0.007).

Personalized information about the risk of incontinence after RARP makes more patients reconsidering their initial treatment preference. The CPRED correlated strongly with continence outcome after RARP and is a useful tool for shared decision-making.

Personalized information about the risk of incontinence after RARP makes more patients reconsidering their initial treatment preference. The CPRED correlated strongly with continence outcome after RARP and is a useful tool for shared decision-making.