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Although Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) often results in severe manifestations due to toxin-producing clostridium, the correlation between CDI and having a fever in gynecological malignancies is not completely understood.

The incidence, and clinical features, and clinical management of CDI in patients with gynecological malignancies who have fevers were investigated, and the clinical managements of this complication are discussed.

We retrospectively reviewed 485 patients newly diagnosed with invasive gynecological cancers who underwent anticancer treatment between July 2012 and December 2016. The diagnosis of CDI was performed using enzyme immunoassays for Cdifficile glutamate dehydrogenase and toxin A/B enzyme immunoassay. The cumulative risk of CDI was 9.5% (six of 63) in overall fever patients and 6.3% (six of 95) in patients with fever episodes. Two CDI patients (33.3%) did not show diarrheal symptoms, with the fever of unknown origin criteria prompting their CDI testing and diagnosis. CDI patients were treated using vancomycin or metronidazole without suffering from fatal clinical course. Overall, eight patients with gynecological malignancies were diagnosed with CDI, including two patients with fever lower than 38.5°C. The cumulative risk of CDI was 0.48% (eight of 1652) for all admitted patients and 1.6% (eight of 485) in those with gynecological malignancies. Of all the patients with confirmed CDI, only one had a history of administration of antibiotics prior to onset of CDI symptoms.

CDI does not always present with typical manifestations in malignancy patients. Investigation of CDI, regardless of gastrointestinal symptoms or history of antibiotic use, is warranted in cases of fever of unknown origin in gynecological malignancy.

CDI does not always present with typical manifestations in malignancy patients. Investigation of CDI, regardless of gastrointestinal symptoms or history of antibiotic use, is warranted in cases of fever of unknown origin in gynecological malignancy.

Olaparib has been approved as an active and maintenance therapy for patients with platinum-sensitive, BRCA-mutated high-grade serous ovarian cancer (SOC). However, the efficacy and safety data is lack among Chinese ovarian cancer patients.

This real-world study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety profile of olaparib in patients from mainland China, where olaparib is currently unavailable.

This single-center, observational study included 65 patients with pathologically confirmed advanced serous ovarian cancer from Kiang Wu Hospital in Macau between December 2015 and September 2017. Progression-free survival (PFS) and other endpoints (treatment response, disease progression, and adverse events) were evaluated. PFS was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. The median treatment duration was 4months (range, 1-15). The median PFS for the overall population was 4.2months (95% CI 2.7-5.2), while those for patients with wild-type BRCA1/2 and BRCA1/2 mutations were 3.1months (95% CI 1.3-4.6) and 5.3months (95% CI 2.8-7.1), respectively. The median PFS tended to be longer for patients on maintenance therapy (between 9.0months [95% CI 1.4-17.5] and 10.0months [95% CI 2.5-18.1]) than for those on active therapy (between 3.1months [95% CI 2.1-3.8] and 3.0months [95% CI 1.4-4.5]). Most patients (87.0%) experienced low-grade adverse events; the most common of which were fatigue (49.0%) and nausea (35.0%).

Our findings demonstrate clinical benefit of olaparib to mainland Chinese patients with high-grade SOC, particularly for patients with BRCA mutations and who require maintenance therapy.

Our findings demonstrate clinical benefit of olaparib to mainland Chinese patients with high-grade SOC, particularly for patients with BRCA mutations and who require maintenance therapy.

Metastatic uveal melanoma is a highly aggressive disease with no standard of care treatment option. A large proportion of patients have liver-only metastatic disease which raises the question if liver-directed therapy can be efficacious in this subpopulation.

The study aims to evaluate the safety and efficacy of radiosensitizing chemotherapy in combination with yttrium-90 microspheres in patients with uveal melanoma with liver-only metastases.

This single arm, open labeled, non-randomized study enrolled 10 patients with liver-only metastatic uveal melanoma between November 2012 and January 2018. Eligible patients received intrahepatic yttrium-90 microspheres followed by intravenous cisplatin (20mg/m

) for 5days. Ten patients were enrolled, but nine patients received treatment who were included in the final analysis with a median follow-up of 30months (range 7 to 44). Five (50%) were female, five (50%) had an elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and one (10%) had prior anti-PD-1 therapy. The combination was well tolerated with no greater than or equal to grade 3 toxicity observed. The liver objective response rate (ORR) was 33% (3/9), the median progression-free survival (PFS) in the liver was 3months (95% CI, 3-NA), and the extrahepatic PFS was 3months (95% CI, 3-NA). Seventy-eight percent (7/9) received an immune checkpoint inhibitor on disease progression, with no responses seen. The median overall survival (OS) was 10months (95% CI, 7-NA).

The combination of cisplatin with yttrium-90 microspheres was well tolerated; however, it was associated with intrahepatic disease control of relatively short duration. see more No responses were seen in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors postradioembolization.

The combination of cisplatin with yttrium-90 microspheres was well tolerated; however, it was associated with intrahepatic disease control of relatively short duration. No responses were seen in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors post radioembolization.

With the recent advances in the understanding of the interaction of the immune system with developing tumor, it has become imperative to consider the immunological parameters for both cancer diagnosis and disease prognosis. Additionally, in the era of emerging immunotherapeutic strategies in cancer, it is very important to follow the treatment outcome and also to predict the correct immunotherapeutic strategy in individual patients. There being enormous heterogeneity among tumors at different sites or between primary and metastatic tumors in the same individual, or interpatient heterogeneity, it is very important to study the tumor-immune interaction in the tumor microenvironment and beyond. Importantly, molecular tools and markers identified for such studies must be suitable for monitoring in a noninvasive manner.

Recent studies have shown that the immune checkpoint molecules play a key role in the development and progression of tumors. In-depth studies of these molecules have led to the development of most of the cancer immunotherapeutic reagents that are currently either in clinical use or under different phases of clinical trials.