Abildgaardhickman8088

In animal research, "refinement" refers to modifications of husbandry or experimental procedures to enhance animal well-being and minimize or eliminate pain and distress. Evaluation of drug efficacy in mice models, such as those used to study

infection, require prolonged drug administration by the oral route (e.g. for 20 consecutive days). However, the orogastric gavage method can lead to significant discomfort, upper digestive or respiratory tract lesions, aspiration pneumonia and even accidental death. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of two administration methods (conventional oral gavage vs. a refined method using a disposable tip and automatic pipette) on the efficacy of benznidazole in a murine model of

infection.

Both administration methods led to a rapid and persistent reduction in parasitaemia. Absence of

DNA (evaluated by real-time PCR) in blood, cardiac and skeletal muscle confirmed that treatment efficacy was not influenced by the administration method used.

The proposed refined method for long-term oral drug administration may be a suitable strategy for assessing drug efficacy in mice models of Chagas disease and can be applied to similar murine infection models to reduce animal discomfort.

The proposed refined method for long-term oral drug administration may be a suitable strategy for assessing drug efficacy in mice models of Chagas disease and can be applied to similar murine infection models to reduce animal discomfort.

Congenital anterior urethral diverticulum is a rare cause of urinary obstruction in children. A2ti-2 Its association with posterior urethral valve is an exceedingly unusual occurrence.

18 month old male child for whom cystoscopic valve ablation was done for posterior urethral valve continued to have obstructive symptoms for which VCUG was done and revealed congenital anterior urethral diverticula. Open diverticulectomy and urethroplasty was done and he was discharged improved.

This case report represents a rare event in which two congenital causes of bladder outlet obstruction are combined and the presence of one masquaders the diagnosis of the other.

This case report represents a rare event in which two congenital causes of bladder outlet obstruction are combined and the presence of one masquaders the diagnosis of the other.Factor XIII (FXIII) deficiency is a rare inherited coagulopathy. Standard perioperative management in those with FXIII deficiency requiring surgical procedures has not been elucidated. Herein, we report the case of a patient with FXIII deficiency who successfully underwent transurethral lithotripsy. Recombinant FXIII was used effectively in perioperative management and safely without any bleeding complications. This is the first report of a patient with FXIII deficiency in the field of urology.Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune neuromuscular junction disorder sometimes observed in hematologic malignancies as a paraneoplastic syndrome. T-cell Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemia (T-LGLL) is a rare lymphoproliferative clonal frequently associated with autoimmune disorders. Here we report two patients with T-LGLL who developed MG. In both patients the MG was bulbar without generalized weakness and did not involve the thymus. The treatment of T-LGLL led to the resolution of MG symptoms and decrease in acetylcholine receptor antibody titers in both patients suggesting a causative association.We explored the effect of vincristine and prednisone on cellular and exosomal miR-181a expression in first time diagnosed leukemia and relapsed leukemia. Vincristine and prednisone induced apoptosis/pro-apoptotic genes in first time diagnosed leukemia, and suppressed the cellular and exosomal miR-181a expression. In contrast, vincristine and prednisone could not induce apoptosis/pro-apoptotic genes in relapsed leukemia, and could not change the expression of cellular or exosomal miR-181a. In conclusion, the non-suppressive nature of miR-181a in relapsed leukemia might contribute to the chemo-resistance and this suggests a potential role of miR-181a-inhibitor along with the chemotherapy in the treatment of relapsed leukemia.

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are reliant on intrinsic and extrinsic factors for tight control of self-renewal, quiescence, differentiation, and homing. Given the intimate relationship between HSCs and their niche, increasing numbers of studies are examining how biophysical cues in the hematopoietic microenvironment impact HSC functions.

Numerous mechanosensors are present on hematopoietic cells, including integrins, mechanosensitive ion channels, and primary cilia. Integrin-ligand adhesion, in particular, has been found to be critical for homing and anchoring of HSCs and progenitors in the bone marrow. Integrin-mediated interactions with ligands present on extracellular matrix and endothelial cells are key to establishing long-term engraftment and quiescence of HSCs. Importantly, disruption in the architecture and cellular composition of the bone marrow associated with conditioning regimens and primary myelofibrosis exposes HSCs to a profoundly distinct mechanical environment, with potential implications for progression of hematologic dysfunction and pathologies.

Study of the mechanobiological signals that govern hematopoiesis represents an important future step toward understanding HSC biology in homeostasis, aging, and cancer.

Study of the mechanobiological signals that govern hematopoiesis represents an important future step toward understanding HSC biology in homeostasis, aging, and cancer.

While most adults are infected Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), 3-5% remain uninfected. The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex, which controls many pathogens, may influence infection and disease associated with EBV.

Numerous EBV proteins and miRNAs down-regulate HLA class I and II expression on the cell surface. HLA class II functions as a receptor for EBV entry into B cells. Specific HLA class II alleles correlate with the susceptibility of B cells to EBV infection

and with EBV seropositivity or seronegativity of humans. HLA class I polymorphisms correlate with development and severity of EBV infectious mononucleosis and with the risk of several virus-associated malignancies including nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease.

These findings indicate that while EBV has evolved to use MHC class II as a receptor for virus entry, polymorphisms in MHC class II and class I influence virus infection and disease.

These findings indicate that while EBV has evolved to use MHC class II as a receptor for virus entry, polymorphisms in MHC class II and class I influence virus infection and disease.