Hartvignygaard9869

A one-pot, three-component protocol for the synthesis of 1,2,3-trisubstituted indoles has been developed, based upon a Fischer indolisation-indole N-alkylation sequence. This procedure is very rapid (total reaction time under 30 minutes), operationally straightforward, generally high yielding and draws upon readily available building blocks (aryl hydrazines, ketones, alkyl halides) to generate densely substituted indole products. We have demonstrated the utility of this process in the synthesis of 23 indoles, benzoindoles and tetrahydrocarbazoles bearing varied and useful functionality.Most small-molecule drugs influence cell behavior through their interaction with one or more cellular proteins. The efficacy is unanticipated in the later stages of drug development if small-molecule drugs are discovered in the absence of a biological context. Bionic screening is an in vivo drug-receptor interaction platform that can identify small molecules with recognized activity, improving the likelihood of drug efficacy in the clinic. Here, we report the design of an innovative cell-based bionic screening system using 3D microcarrier cultures to simulate in vivo conditions and facilitate small-molecule drug discovery. Through its combination with HPLC/MS, the method can comprehensively identify small-molecule lead compounds in arbitrarily complex systems in an unbiased manner. In particular, cell-covered microcarriers provide a high-density of cells for affinity performance assessments in the absence of appreciable cell damage and maintain immunogenicity, the 3D structure of which is similar to tissue morphology in vivo, thereby mimicking in vivo drug-receptor interactions. The method is scalable, easy to handle, and requires minimal optimization across a range of different cell lines to realize high-throughput drug screening for the corresponding diseases. This provides a valuable tool for lead compound discovery in more physiologically relevant systems and may address the lack of clinically available drugs.Nitrogen (N) loss from rice production systems in the form of ammonia (NH3) can be a significant N loss pathway causing significant economic and environmental costs. Yet, data on NH3 fluxes in wetland rice ecosystems are still very scarce which limits the accuracy of national and global NH3 budgets. We measured the NH3 fluxes in situ in a wetland rice field and estimated emission factors (EF) under two soil management systems (i.e. conventional tillage, CT and strip tillage, ST); two residue retention levels (i.e. TWS119 manufacturer 15%, LR and 40% crop residue by height, HR); and three N fertilization rates (i.e. 108, 144 and 180 kg N ha-1) in two consecutive years (2019 and 2020). The highest NH3 peaks were observed within the first 3 days after urea application. The mean and cumulative NH3 fluxes significantly increased with the increases in N fertilization rates and were 18.5% and 18.6% higher in ST than in CT in 2020 but not in 2019. Overall, the highest mean NH3 fluxes were in 180 kg N ha-1 coupled with either HR or LR and ST or CT. In 2019, the NH3 EF was unchanged by any treatments. In 2020, the lower EF was in CT coupled with LR (15%) than all other treatment combinations, where ST with HR showed the highest EF (20%). Likewise, the lowest N rate (108 kg N ha-1) in ST had the highest NH3 EF (20%) that was similar to higher N rates (144 and 180 kg N ha-1) in the same tillage treatment and to 180 kg N ha-1 in CT. Our results highlight that NH3 fluxes in rice field particularly the effects of ST correlated with higher soil pH and NH4+ content and lower redox potential. Our results highlight that NH3 fluxes are a potentially large N loss pathway in wetland rice under conventional and decreased soil disturbance regimes.Organ transplantation has been employed upon serious injuries, but a T-cell-mediated potent inflammatory immune response often leads to graft rejection. Immunosuppressive drugs such as rapamycin (RAPA) have to be taken after organ transplantation, but long-term use of these drugs causes severe adverse effects. Immune checkpoint pathways such as the programmed death-receptor 1/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) provides an immunosuppressive environment, preventing excessive tissue destruction due to inflammatory immune responses. In this study, we bioengineered cell membrane-derived PD-L1 nanovesicles (PD-L1 NVs) to carry low doses of RAPA. These NVs inhibited T-cell activation and proliferation in vitro, by enhancing the PD-1/PD-L1 immune co-inhibitory signaling axis and inhibiting the mTOR pathway. Importantly, PD-L1 NVs encapsulated with rapamycin exerted stronger effects on inhibiting T-cell proliferation than PD-L1 NVs or rapamycin alone. This can be recapitulated in a mouse skin transplantation model, leading to the weakened alloimmune response and allograft tolerance. We also found that PD-L1/rapamycin vesicles have additional function to induce regulatory T cells in the recipient spleens. Our study highlighted the power of combining low-dose rapamycin and PD-L1 in the nanovesicles as immunosuppressants to promote allograft acceptance.Nanoscale therapeutics have promise for the administration of therapeutic small molecules and biologics to the heart following myocardial infarction. Directed delivery to the infarcted region of the heart using minimally invasive routes is critical to this promise. In this review, we will discuss the advances and design considerations for two nanoscale therapeutics engineered to target the infarcted heart, nanoparticles and adeno-associated viruses.Ynamides are unique alkynes with a carbon-carbon triple bond directly attached to the nitrogen atom bearing an electron-withdrawing group. The alkyne is strongly polarized by the electron-donating nitrogen atom, but its high reactivity can be finely tempered by the electron-withdrawing group. Accordingly, ynamides are endowed with both nucleophilic and electrophilic properties and their chemistry has been an active research field. The catalytic intermolecular annulations of ynamides, featuring divergent assembly of structurally important amino-heterocycles in a regioselective manner, have gained much attention over the past decade. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the advances achieved in this area involving transition metal and acid catalysis. Moreover, the intermolecular annulations of ynamide analogs including ynol ethers and thioalkynes are also discussed, which can provide insights into the reactivity difference caused by the heteroatoms.