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Food insecurity is a social determinant of health associated with cognitive impairments in older adults and people living with HIV (PLWH). Few studies have examined this relation longitudinally, and no studies have explored how the frequency of food insecurity over time may impact cognitive impairment.

This study aimed to examine the impact of food insecurity on cognitive impairment over a 2-y follow-up period in a cohort of people living with and without HIV.

This was a 2-y longitudinal analysis of primarily economically disadvantaged, middle-aged, Black, and Hispanic participants from the Miami Adult Studies on HIV (MASH) cohort. Food insecurity was assessed with the USDA Household Food Security Module at baseline and 12- and 24-mo follow-ups. Food insecurity in all 3 assessments was considered persistent food insecurity. Cognitive impairment was assessed with the Mini-Mental State Examination. Statistical analyses consisted of logistic regressions.

A total of 394 participants (247 HIV positive) wit help delay cognitive decline among socioeconomically disadvantaged individuals.

Food insecurity is a significant risk factor for cognitive impairment, particularly among individuals who experience food insecurity frequently or persistently. Screening for food insecurity and interventions to secure access to sufficient, nutritious foods may help delay cognitive decline among socioeconomically disadvantaged individuals.

Nutrition plays a major role in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and other chronic diseases; hence, nutrition research is a priority for the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). The purpose of this analysis is to describe the scope of NHLBI-funded extramural nutrition research grants over the past decade and offer insights into future opportunities for nutrition research relevant to NHLBI's mission.

Data were extracted using the Research, Condition, and Disease Categorization spending categories from the publicly available NIH Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tool Expenditures and Results. New 2018 and 2019 grants were coded into categories and mapped to the 2016 NHLBI Strategic Vision priorities.

Approximately 90% of nutrition research funds supported extramural grants, particularly through investigator-initiated R series grants (69.6%). Of these, 19.8%were classified as clinical trials. Consistent nutrition-related topics, includingphysical activity, weight loss, fatty acids, metabolic syndrome, childhood obesity, and other topics such as gut microbiota, arterial stiffness, sleep duration, and meal timing, emerged in 2014-2019. Mapping of the NHLBI Strategic Vision objectives revealedthat 32% of newly funded grants focused on pathobiological mechanisms important to the onset and progression of heart, lung, blood, and sleep disorders, with opportunities including developing novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies and clinical and implementation science research.

The findings show the breadth of NHLBI-funded nutrition research and highlight potential research opportunities for nutrition scientists.

The findings show the breadth of NHLBI-funded nutrition research and highlight potential research opportunities for nutrition scientists.Salmonella is one of the main causes of foodborne diseases worldwide. Molecular tests such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are rapid and sensitive and are increasingly becoming a preferred method for pathogen detection. However, the presence of PCR inhibiting substances in the analyzed samples could reduce the sensitivity or totally inhibit PCR amplification, which might result in failure of detection of the pathogen. Using multiplex real-time PCR, I investigated the detection of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in three herbal matrices containing inhibiting substances i) chamomile (Matricaria recutita); ii) sage (Salvia officinalis) and iii) mint (Menthae piperitae). Internal positive controls (IPC) in the multiplex PCR reactions indicated the degree of inhibition. All of the three herbs inhibited PCR amplification at standard concentration of the matrix (10% suspensions). I applied and compared four approaches to overcome the negative effect of the matrices on the PCR detection of Salmonella. The efficiency strongly depended on the matrix and the method used for removing the inhibiting substances. By a series of centrifugation steps combined with direct PCR, I managed to remove the PCR inhibitors and successfully detected the pathogen in each of the tested matrices. Temsirolimus mw Moreover, this approach did not decrease significantly the PCR sensitivity and the detection of the pathogen was with Cq delay of only 1.48 ± 1.05 cycle, compared to the control. Hence, by the proposed method, PCR detection of Salmonella became possible in matrices with strong inhibitory effect on the PCR reaction. In summary, a simple, efficient, reliable, quick and cost-effective generic approach for removal of PCR inhibitors, and detection of foodborne bacterial pathogens in complex matrices containing PCR inhibitors, was proposed.Five closely related species of greater fritillaries occur in North America east of the Mississippi River regal fritillary (Speyeria idalia Drury [Lepidoptera Nymphalidae]), Diana fritillary (Speyeria diana Cramer [Lepidoptera Nymphalidae]), great spangled fritillary (Speyeria cybele Fabricius [Lepidoptera Nymphalidae]), Atlantis fritillary (Speyeria atlantis Edwards [Lepidoptera Nymphalidae]), and Aphrodite fritillary (Speyeria aphrodite Fabricius [Lepidoptera Nymphalidae]). The regal fritillary and Diana fritillary are species of concern, whereas the great spangled fritillary, Atlantis fritillary, and Aphrodite fritillary are relatively abundant within their respective ranges. However, the Atlantis fritillary and Aphrodite fritillary have experienced severe population declines within the last few decades. We created ecological niche models for these five species by combining each species' known occurrences with climate and environmental variables to identify important response variables and determine the potential distribution of suitable habitat for each species. Important climate variables differed among species, although minimum temperature of the coldest month was important for great spangled, Atlantis, and Aphrodite fritillaries. The regal fritillary responded the most to temperature seasonality, whereas the Diana fritillary responded to maximum temperature of warmest month and the great spangled fritillary responded to annual precipitation. Land use was important for all species except the regal fritillary and average annual relative humidity was important for all species except the great spangled fritillary. This study highlights the different climate and habitat needs for greater fritillary species with important implications for how each species is expected to be impacted by climate change. We also demonstrate the value of citizen science and photo sharing websites for providing important data for evaluating species distributions.