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Ketogenic diets have been proposed as a non-pharmacological strategy for the management of several chronic conditions. Their efficacy and safety have been evaluated in the field of neurology, oncology and endocrinology for disorders including cancer, dementia, drug-resistant epilepsy, migraines, obesity, polycystic ovary syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The nutritional requirements of these subjects are expected to differ significantly. Indeed, although all ketogenic diets restrict carbohydrates, each intervention is characterized by a specific daily calorie intake, macronutrient composition and duration. However, the adopted nomenclature was often unclear to the general reader; also, the same abbreviations for different protocols were used. This possibly resulted in mistakes in the interpretation of the available evidence and limited the impact of studies on the topic in the clinical practice. Adopting a clear and consistent vocabulary is key in any context. Here, we present a practical and clinically-based proposal for the classification and abbreviation of ketogenic diets.The extensively branched vascular network within the placenta is vital for materno-fetal exchange, and inadequate development of this network is implicated in the pregnancy disorder fetal growth restriction (FGR), where babies are born pathologically small. Placental mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (pMSCs) and placental macrophages both reside in close proximity to blood vessels within the placenta, where they are thought to promote angiogenesis via paracrine mechanisms. However, the relationship between pMSCs, macrophages and placental vascular development has not yet been examined. We aimed to determine if inadequate paracrine stimulation of placental vascular development by pMSCs and macrophages during pregnancy may contribute to the inadequate vascularisation seen in FGR. Media conditioned by MSCs from FGR placentae significantly inhibited endothelial tube formation, compared to conditioned media derived from normal pMSCs. Similarly, macrophages exposed to media conditioned by FGR pMSCs were less able to stimulate endothelial tube formation in comparison to macrophages exposed to media conditioned by normal pMSCs. While MSCs from normal placentae produce a combination of angiogenic and anti-angiogenic cytokines, there were no significant differences in the secretion of the anti-angiogenic cytokines thrombospondin-1, insulin growth factor binding protein-4, or decorin between normal and FGR pMSCs that could explain how FGR pMSCs inhibited endothelial tube formation. Together, these data suggest a dysregulation in the secretion of paracrine factors by pMSCs in FGR placentae. These findings illustrate how cross talk between pro-angiogenic cell types in the placenta may be crucial for adequate angiogenesis.Translational genomics represents a broad field of study that combines genome and transcriptome-wide studies in humans and model systems to refine our understanding of human biology and ultimately identify new ways to treat and prevent disease. The approaches to translational genomics can be broadly grouped into two methodologies, forward and reverse genomic translation. Traditional (forward) genomic translation begins with model systems and aims at using unbiased genetic associations in these models to derive insight into biological mechanisms that may also be relevant in human disease. Reverse genomic translation begins with observations made through human genomic studies and refines these observations through follow-up studies using model systems. The ultimate goal of these approaches is to clarify intervenable processes as targets for therapeutic development. In this review, we describe some of the approaches being taken to apply translational genomics to the study of diseases commonly encountered in the neurocritical care setting, including hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and status epilepticus, utilizing both forward and reverse genomic translational techniques. Further, we highlight approaches in the field that could be applied in neurocritical care to improve our ability to identify new treatment modalities as well as to provide important information to patients about risk and prognosis.OBJECTIVE Shared decision making and meaningful patient involvement are key in improving cataract treatment outcomes, but no decision aid has been formally developed and validated for this purpose. selleck kinase inhibitor Our aims were to develop a patient decision aid to guide patients' decision about when to undergo cataract surgery, and to determine patient's comprehension and booklet's acceptability. METHODS The patient decision aid was developed and included evidence-based information about general cataract, its benefits, risks of treatment options, and value clarification exercise. A total of 30 patients with age-related cataract aged between 50 and 80 years were interviewed after using either the patient decision aid (n = 15) or the traditional education booklet (n = 15). RESULTS The patients who received the decision aid agreed that the information was new (n = 15, 100%), the length of the aid was "just about right" (n = 13, 87%), the information was clear and easy to understand (n = 13, 87%), the decision aid was helpful in making decision (n = 13, 87%) and would like to recommend this decision aid to others (n = 14, 93%). CONCLUSIONS The decision aid was assessed positively by patients with age-related cataract. There is a need for its further verification in the context of primary eye care setting.BACKGROUND Daily, oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an effective and safe prevention strategy for people at risk for HIV. However, prescription of PrEP has been limited for patients at the highest risk. Disparities in PrEP prescription are pronounced among racial and gender minority patients. A significant body of literature indicates that practicing healthcare providers have little awareness and knowledge of PrEP. Very little work has investigated the education about PrEP among health professionals in training. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to compare health professions students' awareness of PrEP and education about PrEP between regions of the US, and to determine if correlations between regional HIV incidence and PrEP use were present. DESIGN Survey study. PARTICIPANTS A cross-sectional sample of health professions students (N = 1859) representing future prescribers (MD, DO, PA), pharmacists, and nurses in the US. KEY RESULTS Overall, 83.4% of students were aware of PrEP, but only 62.2% of fourth-year students indicated they had been taught about PrEP at any time during their training.