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I finally discuss how simple apical cells with two or three cutting faces, as found in mosses, may have evolved from algal ancestors. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email journals.permissions@oup.com.Many animals produce acoustic signals to mark territories and attract mates. When different species produce acoustic signals simultaneously, the signals create a noisy environment, with potential acoustic interference between species. Theoretical studies suggest that such reproductive interference may have strong effects on species interaction. For example, the inferior resource competitor can survive if its disadvantage is counterbalanced by superiority in reproductive interference. Two field cricket species, Teleogryllus occipitalis (Audinet-Serville) (Orthoptera Gryllidae) and Loxoblemmus equestris Saussure (Orthoptera Gryllidae), cooccur in the same habitat. A previous study has shown that L. equestris is an inferior species to T. occipitalis in terms of resource competition. Therefore, we predicted that mate location and choice behavior of female T. occipitalis would be negatively affected by the acoustic signals of L. equestris and tested this with a series of playback experiments. The mate choice behavior of female T. occipitalis was not significantly affected by the calling song of L. equestris. Our results suggest that the acoustic interference does not explain the cooccurrence of the two species in the same habitat. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail journals.permissions@oup.com.Homogeneous electrochemical DNA biosensors' unique qualities have been of great interest to researchers, mainly due to their high recognition efficiency in solutions. However, the processes of introducing additional markers and extra operations to obtain a signal are tedious and time consuming, which limits their overall potential applications. Herein, a novel tetraferrocene was synthesized and used as a homogeneous electrochemical DNA biosensor probe label. It contains four ferrocene units, which provide greater signaling potential compared to monoferrocene. Furthermore, the target DNA triggers the digestion of the double hairpin DNA probe with the aid of exonuclease III, promoting short single stranded DNA probe formation. With the combination of the incorporated tetraferrocene labeled short DNA probe strands and graphene's ability to adsorb single stranded DNA, the hybridization process can produce an electrode signal provided by tetraferrocene. A low detection limit of 8.2 fM toward target DNA with excellent selectivity was achieved. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/LY2228820.html The proposed sensing system avoids tedious and time-consuming steps of DNA modification, making the experimental processes simpler and convenient. The advantages of high sensitivity, selectivity and simple operation make this strategy applicable to DNA detection.Two-dimensional metal-organic framework (MOF) nanosheets have attracted considerable research interest as electrocatalysts, and thermal annealing is important to boost their conductivity. The effect of annealing atmosphere on the electrochemical performance of 2D MOFs and their catalytic center structure have been investigated. The Co-MOF/H2 synthesized by annealing of 2D MOF under a H2 atmosphere has shown a significantly enhanced catalytic activity compared with those annealed under an Ar atmosphere (Co-MOF/Ar). The Co-MOF/H2 has 2-3 graphitic layers of graphitic carbon coating and presents a large amount of high valent Co2+. H2 annealing leads to a fast reduction of Co-MOF to Co/CoOx nanoparticles and catalyzes the growth of CNTs with MOF feed as carbon source. The Co-MOF/H2 shows a high electrocatalytic activity which requires an overpotential of 312 mV to reach a current density of 10 mA cm-2. A Co-MOF/H2-based water electrolyzer requires a potential of 1.619 V to reach a current density of 10 mA cm-2 for overall water splitting in 1.0 M KOH. After 25 h of continuous operation for water electrolysis, the Co-MOF/H2-based cell has shown a negligible increase in the overpotential, indicating its superior durability compared to the 2D Co-MOF.In this study, for the first time, a highly permeable composite membrane was constructed by incorporating a zinc-based metal-organic framework (Zn-MOF) in a polyphenylsulfone matrix for the elevation of antifouling properties. Owing to the hydrophilic nature and high surface charge, this membrane demonstrated effective bovine serum albumin (a model protein) rejection and antifouling characteristics.A novel all-inorganic flexible bilayer-like Pb0.99Nb0.02(Zr0.55Sn0.40Ti0.05)0.98O3 (PNZSTBL) thin film with the same chemical composition is designed to enhance its energy-storage performance. The PNZSTBL thin film that consists of a large polarization (PNZSTLP) top layer and a high electric breakdown field (PNZSTHE) bottom layer are deposited on flexible mica by controlling the sputtering pressure. The dislocations in such a bilayer-like film can be repressed effectively owing to the identical chemical composition. Most importantly, the PNZSTBL exhibits the complementary advantages of the PNZSTHE and PNZSTLP films based on the electric field amplifying effect and interlayer coupling. An enhanced recoverable energy-storage density (Wrec) of 39.35 J cm-3 is achieved in the PNZSTBL thin film, which is 70% higher than that of the single-layer PNZSTLP. Meanwhile, the flexible PNZSTBL thin film enjoys an outstanding stability in terms of frequency (10-5000 Hz) and temperature (30-170 °C). In addition, the flexible PNZSTBL thin film shows a favorable mechanical cycling endurance after repeated bending 1200 times for a 3.5 mm tensile radius. This work offers a fresh strategy to design prospective bilayer-like dielectric thin films for optimizing the energy-storage performances of materials.Biological membranes are shaped by various proteins that either generate inward or outward membrane curvature. In this article, we investigate the membrane morphologies induced by mixtures of arc-shaped particles with coarse-grained modeling and simulations. The particles bind to the membranes either with their inward, concave side or their outward, convex side and, thus, generate membrane curvature of opposite sign. We find that small fractions of convex-binding particles can stabilize three-way junctions of membrane tubules, as suggested for the protein lunapark in the endoplasmic reticulum of cells. For comparable fractions of concave-binding and convex-binding particles, we observe lines of particles of the same type, and diverse membrane morphologies with grooves and bulges induced by these particle lines. The alignment and segregation of the particles is driven by indirect, membrane-mediated interactions.