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T groups. This is the first report in any specialty to demonstrate increasing frailty is associated with IHT.

Decompressive hemicraniectomy (DH) is widely recommended as a surgical treatment for intractable increased intracranial pressure after malignant cerebral infarction. Many patients given recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) develop cerebral edema after reperfusion or failed recanalization. However, the safety and efficacy of DH after rtPA administration remain largely unknown.

A systematic review was performed using PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane, and HERDIN. Studies were eligible if they included patients who underwent DH after intravenous thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke. Unweighted odds ratio (OR) for mortality (primary outcome) and good functional outcome defined as modified Rankin Scale score 0-3 or Glasgow Outcome Scale score 4-5 at 3-6 months (secondary outcome) were compared between the DH+ rtPA group and DH alone group.

Four studies with a total of 98 patients undergoing DH+ rtPA were compared with 110 patients undergoing DH alone without previous thrombolysis. Age, vascular risk factors, and cause of stroke were comparable between the 2 groups. Pooled analysis showed that mortality and functional outcomes were not statistically different between the DH+ rtPA and DH alone groups (OR, 0.56, P=0.07 and OR, 0.83, P= 0.30, respectively). Likewise, both minor and major hemorrhagic rates were similar between the 2 groups (37.76% vs. 27.27%; P= 0.053).

DH for malignant cerebral infarction after intravenous rtPA administration is a viable treatment option, with a comparable mortality and functional outcome to those who had DH without previous thrombolysis.

DH for malignant cerebral infarction after intravenous rtPA administration is a viable treatment option, with a comparable mortality and functional outcome to those who had DH without previous thrombolysis.In this study, a systematic multi-spectroscopic analysis of microplastics (MPs) sampled from a metropolitan area of Seoul was undertaken to elevate understanding of the role of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in eliminating suspended contaminants including MPs before releasing the effluent water into the environment. We analyzed pollutants in influent and effluent samples from a WWTP in Seoul, South Korea. Spectroscopic and microscopic methods were used to analyze MPs. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy in the wavenumber region between 4000 and 715 cm-1 was employed to estimate the abundance of MPs in wastewater. Stereomicroscope images and Nile red staining were used to facilely identify MPs in both influents and effluents to compare the results with those of FT-IR data. Hyperspectral imaging could identify MPs in the influent sample with the reflection method at 400-900 nm. Our preliminary results indicate that the most observed MPs after the wastewater were filtered by a 45 μm stainless steel mesh filter were polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP). The total number of the prevalent MPs in influent samples decreased significantly. Nanostructure particles could be found by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Our combined multi-spectroscopic study should be helpful to provide a guideline for the rapid spectroscopic analysis of freshwater in the Han River, Seoul, South Korea.Hydrothermal carbonization technology has attracted wide attention in recent years owing to its advantages, e.g., high yield and clean production, compared with traditional pyrolysis. Anaerobic fermentation (AF) is a new method to modify carbon materials, which may improve the surface properties of hydrochar (HC). To explore whether AF has effects on different feedstocks based HCs, two kinds of HCs derived from wheat straw and poplar sawdust were treated with AF for different time in this study. By comparing the changes in physicochemical properties of anaerobic fermentative hydrochars (AFHCs), adsorption behaviors of Cadmium (Cd2+) on AFHCs were evaluated. The results showed that the surface electrical characteristics, specific surface area, and oxygen-containing functional groups of HCs improved significantly after AF treatment, which confirmed our hypothesis that AF is suitable for improving the adsorption of different feedstocks based HCs. The adsorption capacity of Cd2+ on AFHCs was significantly enhanced by a 3.1-3.4 times increase after AF treatment. The effect of AF treatment on wheat straw hydrochar (WHC) was more evident than poplar sawdust hydrochar (SHC). WHCs treated with AF own higher adsorption capacity of Cd2+, which was attributed to the higher negative charge, more exchangeable cations, and more oxygen-containing functional groups. The adsorption process was found to be a spontaneous endothermic reaction dominated by chemisorption and controlled by electrostatic attraction, ion exchange, functional groups complexation, and π-bonding coordination. These results were contributed to understanding the modification of HC by AF and its application in heavy metal pollution remediation.As environmental problems become more and more severe, sulfate radical (SO4-) based advanced oxidation processes (SR-AOPs) are widely recognized for their high removal efficiency of recalcitrant organic pollutants in water. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted wide attention in SR-AOPs due to their outstanding properties (e.g. large surface area, ultra-high porosity, and diversity of material design, etc). Herein, we present an overview of the development and challenges in the synthesis of different types of MOFs, combination of MOFs with other materials (metal centers, conductors, cellulose, etc.) and the construction of catalysts with special structures (core-shell structures and hollow structures) as well as their applications in SR-AOPs for the degradation of organic pollutants. Several review papers have already mentioned the application of a branch of MOFs or simple composites of MOFs in SR-AOP, whereas the latest progresses on the application of MOFs-based materials to SR-AOPs was described rarely. Besides, the degradation mechanism of MOFs as catalysts has not been systematically discussed. ONC201 order To this end, the mechanisms of MOFs and MOF-based materials as catalysts to activate PMS/PS in different systems are analyzed, including radicals and non-radicals pathways. Meanwhile, considering that the research in this field is still in its infancy, a lot of improvements are still needed to effectively promote and implement this technology.