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In pandemics like COVID-19, the need for medical resources quickly outpaces available supply. policymakers need strategies to inform decisions about allocating scarce resources.

We updated a systematic review on evidence-based approaches and searched databases through May 2020 for evaluation of strategies for policymakers.

The 201 identified studies evaluated reducing demand for healthcare, optimizing existing resources, augmenting resources, and adopting crisis standards of care. Most research exists to reduce demand (n=149); 39 higher quality studies reported benefits of contact tracing, school closures, travel restrictions, and mass vaccination. Of 28 strategies to augment resources, 6 higher quality studies reported effectiveness of establishing temporary facilities, use of volunteers, and decision support software. Of 23 strategies to optimize existing resources, 12 higher quality studies reported successful scope of work expansions and building on existing interagency agreements. selleckchem Of 15 COVID-19 studies, 5 higher quality studies reported on combinations of policies and benefits of community-wide mask policies.

Despite the volume, the evidence base is limited; few strategies were empirically tested in robust study designs. The review provides a comprehensive overview of the effects of strategies to allocate resources and provides critical appraisal to identify the best available evidence.

Despite the volume, the evidence base is limited; few strategies were empirically tested in robust study designs. The review provides a comprehensive overview of the effects of strategies to allocate resources and provides critical appraisal to identify the best available evidence.Vaccines are vital to control the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, but the pressure to quickly move from research to implementation in the context of a pandemic crisis raises concerns about benefits and harms, vaccine acceptance and fair access. Here we present a strategy for the COVID-19 vaccination rollout which can be rapidly embedded and would offer direct real-world evidence of vaccines on a large scale to generate otherwise unobtainable knowledge on the safety and perhaps efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines. Such strategic rollouts leveraging randomization can provide important evidence, for COVID-19 and in future occasions, for vaccines and beyond.Chichi is a unique biological phenomenon observed in Ginkgo biloba L.. In this study, multi-omics analysis was used to compare basal chichi (C) with roots (R) and stems (S) to explore the regulatory mechanisms of basal chichi ontogenesis. The results showed that compared with roots and stems, the tZ, SA and ABA contents in basal chichi were the highest, and the ratio of IAA/tZ was the lowest. Nucleotides and their derivatives in basal chichi were upregulated, and phenylpropane metabolites were downregulated. Some differentially expressed genes (DEGs) strongly correlated to plant hormones were screened. We speculate that auxin and cytokinin are involved in the morphogenesis of basal chichi and that cytokinin plays a major role. The ontogenesis of basal chichi is closely related to environmental stress, and it may be a coping strategy of G. biloba in the face of environmental stress.

Jilin ginseng, Panax ginseng, is a valuable medicinal herb whose ginsenosides are its major bioactive components. The ginseng oxidosqualene cyclase (PgOSC) gene family is known to play important roles in ginsenoside biosynthesis, but few members of the gene family have been functionally studied.

The PgOSC gene family has been studied by an integrated analysis of gene expression-ginsenoside content correlation, gene mutation-ginsenoside content association and gene co-expression network, followed by functional analysis through gene regulation.

We found that five of the genes in the PgOSC gene family, including two published ginsenoside biosynthesis genes and three new genes, were involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis. Not only were the expressions of these genes significantly correlated with ginsenoside contents, but also their nucleotide mutations significantly influenced ginsenoside contents. These results were further verified by regulation analysis of the genes by methyl jasmonate (MeJA) in ginseng haed research and applications of ginsenoside biosynthesis in ginseng.The retina is a highly active metabolic organ that displays a particular vulnerability to genetic and environmental factors causing stress and homeostatic imbalance. Mitochondria constitute a bioenergetic hub that coordinates stress response and cellular homeostasis, therefore structural and functional regulation of the mitochondrial dynamic network is essential for the mammalian retina. CERKL (ceramide kinase like) is a retinal degeneration gene whose mutations cause Retinitis Pigmentosa in humans, a visual disorder characterized by photoreceptors neurodegeneration and progressive vision loss. CERKL produces multiple isoforms with a dynamic subcellular localization. Here we show that a pool of CERKL isoforms localizes at mitochondria in mouse retinal ganglion cells. The depletion of CERKL levels in CerklKD/KO(knockdown/knockout) mouse retinas cause increase of autophagy, mitochondrial fragmentation, alteration of mitochondrial distribution, and dysfunction of mitochondrial-dependent bioenergetics and metabolism. Our results support CERKL as a regulator of autophagy and mitochondrial biology in the mammalian retina.The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a new infectious respiratory disease, which has caused a pandemic that has become the world's leading public health emergency, threatening people of all ages worldwide, especially the elderly. Complications of COVID-19 are closely related to an upregulation of the inflammatory response revealed by the pro-inflammatory profile of plasma cytokines (to the point of causing a cytokine storm), which is also a contributing cause of the associated coagulation disorders with venous and arterial thromboembolisms, causing multiple organ dysfunction and failure. In severe fulminant cases of COVID-19, there is an activation of coagulation and consumption of clotting factors leading to a deadly disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). It is well established that human immune response changes with age, and also that the pro-inflammatory profile of plasma cytokines is upregulated in both healthy and diseased elderly people. In fact, normal aging is known to be associated with a subclinical, sterile, low-grade, systemic pro-inflammatory state linked to the chronic activation of the innate immune system, a phenomenon known as "inflammaging".