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5%) had low dental fear. Among males, 29 (34.5%) had high fear whereas more than half of the female respondents had high fear. CONCLUSIONS The present study showed that most of the school going children had high fear of dental treatment. So, school health programs should be planned to make the children familiar to dentistry and proper treatment modalities should be provided to make the child comfortable to seek dental care.INTRODUCTION Among patients with Hepatic Encephalopathy, prevalence of Minimal HE varies between 30-50%. Identifying patients with MHE has been shown to improve with medications and delay development of Overt HE, however only limited clinicians screen for MHE in patients due to time consuming neuropsychological and neurophysiological tests. The Number Connection Test is an easy way to evaluate patients to diagnose MHE. The aim of this study is to find out the prevalence of covert hepatic encephalopathy. METHODS The descriptive cross-sectional study was done to find out the prevalence of covert hepatic encephalopathy among patients with chronic liver disease. To diagnose Covert HE which included MHE as well, NCT was used in Devanagari script. RESULTS The prevalence of covert hepatic encephalopathy is found to be 56 (58.3%) at 90% confidence interval (58.23-58.37%). A total of 96 patients (71.9% male) were diagnosed as HE, with mean age of 49.6+11.8 years. The cause of CLD in 85 (88.5%) of these patients was alcohol, of which 76 (79.2%) consumed locally brewed alcohol. Of these 96 patients with HE, only 40 (41.7%) had overt HE. Among all these, maximum patients had MHE (37.5%). CONCLUSIONS Our study showed that although the prevalence of minimal HE is quite high among cirrhotics, they are usually missed in clinical practice due to absence of symptoms. Active screening with easy-to-administer tests, like Number Connection tests, can help identify patients with minimal HE and hence treat them early.INTRODUCTION Lower respiratory tract infection is a common infection and accounts for a greater burden of disease worldwide. It is a great challenge to the clinician and still more, with increasing antimicrobial resistance. Its empirical treatment may vary according to the type of causative organisms. The objective of this study is to identify the pathogenic microorganisms and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern from sputum sample. METHODS This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in KIST Medical College and Teaching Hospital from February 2015 to January 2016. Ethical approval was taken from institutional review committee prior to the study with reference no. 0051/2014/15. Data on culture and sensitivity of isolates from sputum samples were collected from the records of the hospital. Sample collection, processing, identification of microorganisms and antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. All the data were tabulated in an Excel sheet and analyzed using SPSS version 20. RESULTS Out of 2318 samples, 694 (29.93%) sputum samples at 95% confidence interval (737.21- 650.79) were reported as culture positive. Klebsiella was the most common isolate followed by Pseudomonas, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, and others. Imipenem and vancomycin showed the most sensitivity towards gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria respectively. CONCLUSIONS Proper diagnosis, identification of causative agents and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern are important steps to limit the irrational use of antimicrobials. Prescribing antimicrobials empirically in the case of suspected lower respiratory tract infection is difficult.INTRODUCTION Self-medication practice among future prescribers can cause a serious threat to the health care profession. There has been an increasing trend among medical and dental students for self-medication. The objective of our study was to find the prevalence and practice of self-medication among dental undergraduates in Kantipur Dental College and Teaching Hospital. METHODS A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among all the dental undergraduate students of Kantipur Dental College, Kathmandu, from July to September 2018. Ethical clearance was obtained from the institutional review board. A convenience sampling method was used. A prevalidated questionnaire was handed to the students in their classroom to collect the data. The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 16 and Microsoft Excel 2010 and presented as frequency and percentage. RESULTS The prevalence of self-medication among dental undergraduates was found to be in 150 (83.3%) out of a total of 180 students who participated in the study. CONCLUSIONS Self-medication was commonly practiced by dental students. Self-medication should be considered as a serious threat, especially among the students with inadequate knowledge of drug, dose, and duration of treatment.INTRODUCTION Dental treatment aims at correction of existing disease; prevention of future disease with rehabilitation of patient's lost functional capacity and aesthetics. Fixed dental prosthesis is any prosthesis that is cemented to a natural tooth or dental implants abutments that cannot be removed by patient. The success of prosthodontic treatment is related to prosthesis survival, with its ability to fulfil biologic and patient-evaluated objectives with patient satisfaction. This study is aimed to find the patient satisfaction with fixed prosthodontic treatment. METHODS This descriptive cross-sectional study was done in a tertiary care hospital among 102 patients rehabilitated with fixed dental prosthesis from August to September 2019 after taking ethical approval from Institutional Review Committee of Kathmandu Medical College. (IRC No. 1207201918). Convenience sampling was done. The questionnaire assessed patient's satisfaction of fixed prosthesis on the basis of appearance, chewing ability, cleansibile and use of interdental aids for the longevity of fixed prosthesis.INTRODUCTION Urinary tract infection is one of the commonest causes of childhood morbidity. Early diagnosis and appropriate choice of antimicrobials is essential. Hence, this study aims to identify the prevalence of Escherichia coli in childhood urinary tract infections. METHODS This was a hospital based descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in Nobel Medical College, Biratnagar over a period of one year. A total of 163 cases aged 1-15 years were included and clinical profile, laboratory reports including bacterial isolates in urine cultures and their sensitivity patterns were documented. RESULTS The prevalence of Escherichia coli is 45 (53.57%) C.I. Escherichia coli was the most common organism isolated in bacterial cultures followed by Klebsiella 12 (14.29%), Enterococcus 10 (11.90%). Urinary tract infection was common among females with male female ratio of 12.3. Fever 152 (93.2%) and abdominal pain 113 (69.3%) were the most common presenting symptoms. Escherichia coli was found most sensitive to Nitrofurantoin 43 (95.5%) followed by Ciprofloxacin 41 (91.1%) and Amikacin 40 (88.8%). 7ACC2 inhibitor CONCLUSIONS Urinary tract infections in childhood require prompt attention and treatment to prevent significant morbidity and mortality. From this study it can be concluded that Escherichia coli is one of the most common isolates in urine culture and Aminoglycosides and Fluoroquinolones can be accepted as empirical treatment regimens for childhood Urinary tract infections.INTRODUCTION Maxillofacial injury is one of the commonest causes of surgery performed by an oral and maxillofacial surgeon. Socioeconomic conditions, cultural variation, age, and gender affect the etiology of the injury. The study is aimed to find the prevalence of facial injury that is operated by the oral and maxillofacial surgeons in the College of Medical Sciences and Teaching Hospital, Bharatpur, Chitwan, a tertiary hospital. METHODS A descriptive cross-sectional study was performed using the chart from the hospital registry for the patient being operated under general anesthesia from April 1, 2017, to March 2019. Simple random sampling was done using computer-generated random numbers. Ethical approval was received from the Institutional Review Committee of the hospital. The Data for the reason for surgery, age, age groups etiology, and tissue involvement were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 20. RESULTS Facial injury occupies 378 (71.59%) of the total operation performed by Oral and Maxillofacial surgeon in a tertiary hospital. Soft tissue 196 (52.85%) and facial bone fracture 182 (48.15%) is distributed among the facial injuries. Young adults are commonly affected, and the road traffic accident is the major cause of facial trauma. CONCLUSIONS Facial injury-related surgeries are more prevalent in the tertiary hospital of Bharatpur.INTRODUCTION Nepal Society of Obstetricians and Gynecologists jointly with the Nepalese government and with the support from the International Federation of Obstetrics and Gynecology has implemented an initiative to institutionalize postpartum family planning services in selected major referral facilities of Nepal to address the gap of low uptake of postpartum family planning in Nepal. The aim of the study is to find the prevalence of the service coverage of postpartum contraception in the selected facilities. METHODS A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in seven major referral facilities across Nepal. Data were collected from the hospital records of all women who delivered in these facilities between October 2018 and March 2019. Ethical approval for this study was obtained from Nepal Health Research Council. Data analysis was done with SPSS version 23. RESULTS Among the 29,072 deliveries from all the facilities, postpartum family planning counseling coverage was 27,301 (93.9%). The prevalence of uptake of Postpartum Intrauterine Device is 1581 (5.4%) and female sterilization is 1830 (6.3%). In total 11387 mothers (52.2%) had the intention to choose a postpartum family planning method. However, 36% of mothers neither used nor had the intention to choose a postpartum family planning method. CONCLUSIONS The coverage of Postpartum Intrauterine Device counseling service coverage in Nepal is higher in 2018 as compared to 2016-2017 and in other countries implementing Postpartum Intrauterine Device initiatives. However, the prevalence of service coverage of immediate Postpartum Family Planning methods, mainly Postpartum Intrauterine Device in 2018 is lower in Nepal as compared to 2016-2017, and other countries implementing Postpartum Intrauterine Device initiative. More efforts are needed to encourage mothers delivering in the facilities to use the postpartum family planning method.Our volunteering began being a part of the editorial support team in the Journal of Nepal Medical Association. This has really built up our confidence to work as a team. During our days in Journal Office, a sudden knock of another opportunity stroke our door. The Administrative Officer of Nepal Medical Association asked us about volunteering in the Election of Nepal Medical Association which held from 17th to 21st Magh, 2076 and we accepted it. We also helped NMA during the pre-election procedure that needs to be done before going for the election. We think that was the work where we got the trust of NMA officers.