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032, d≥0.42). Additionally, subcutaneous fat correction increased the uniformity of EI throughout the thigh. These findings highlight considerable region-specific differences in muscle size and quality among younger and older men and women, and highlight the need to correct for subcutaneous fat thickness when examining EI. Novelty Bullets • Rectus femoris CSA is similar between younger and older adults except at the most proximal site evaluated. selleckchem • Age- and sex-specific differences in uncorrected EI are non-uniform across the thigh. • Correction for subcutaneous fat thickness substantially increased EI in women, resulting in greater sex differences.Purpose The lacrimal glands produce the aqueous component of the pre-ocular tear film, which is essential for ocular health and optimal vision. This review explores its history, current understanding, recent advances, and scope for future research. Methods The authors reviewed the major studies discussing the history of lacrimal glands and their anatomical description, including microscopic anatomy, innervation patterns, imaging, and ongoing translational research. Results The review traces the evolution of human knowledge about the source of tears across several millennia, with specific emphasis on the individuals who made seminal contributions to this field. It provides a detailed update on the morphology, microscopic structure, innervation, vascular supply, and imaging modalities of both the main and accessory lacrimal glands. The review also summarizes the recent advances in lacrimal gland regeneration and repair for the treatment of dry eye disease, particularly the role of mesenchymal stem cells. Lastly, the review gazes into the future of lacrimal gland research, which aims at translating the existing laboratory knowledge into clinical application, with the possibility of transplanting in vitro cultivated lacrimal constructs or the use of cell-based therapies for in situ repair of diseased human lacrimal glands. Conclusions Knowledge about the lacrimal glands in health and disease has improved tremendously since its discovery in the mid-eighteenth century. Today we stand at the cusp of exploring potential regenerative approaches for the treatment of lacrimal gland damage in dry eye disease.Tracking the excitation of water molecules in the homogeneous liquid is challenging due to the ultrafast dissipation of rotational excitation energy through the hydrogen-bonded network. Here we demonstrate strong transient anisotropy of liquid water through librational excitation using single-color pump-probe experiments at 12.3 THz. We deduce a third-order response of χ3 exceeding previously reported values in the optical range by 3 orders of magnitude. Using a theory that replaces the nonlinear response with a material property amenable to molecular dynamics simulation, we show that the rotationally damped motion of water molecules in the librational band is resonantly driven at this frequency, which could explain the enhancement of the anisotropy in the liquid by the external terahertz field. By addition of salt (MgSO4), the hydration water is instead dominated by the local electric field of the ions, resulting in reduction of water molecules that can be dynamically perturbed by THz pulses.The photochemical products of dinucleotides 5'-TpG/5'-GpT with a photoactivatable anticancer Pt(IV) complex (trans,trans,trans-[Pt(N3)2(OH)2(py)2], py = pyridine; 1) were characterized by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The primary MS showed the main products were monoplatinated and diplatinated adducts for both the dinucleotides accompanied by the formation of minor triplatinated dinucleotides, indicating that T-N3 and G-N1 may be platination sites additional to the well-known G-N7 site. Surprisingly, a series of minor platinated adducts with oxidation of guanine and/or thymine were observed. Although guanine is more sensitive to oxidation than thymine, thymine can compete with guanine for complex 1-induced oxidation, of which the oxidation adducts were identified as cis- and trans-diastereomers of 5,6-dihydroxy-5,6-dihydrothymidine (cis,trans-ThdGly), 5-formyl-2'-deoxyuridine (5-FormdUrd), and 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2'-deoxyuridine (5-HMdUrd), respectively. While for guanine, apart from 8-hydroxyguanine (8-OH-G) and N-formylamidoiminohydantoin (RedSp), other guanine oxidized adducts such as spiroiminodihydantoin (Sp), dehydroguanidinohydantoin (DGh), and 2,6-diamino-4-hydroxy-5-formamidopyrimidine (FapyG) were also identified. MS/MS analysis showed that unique fragments with a Pt moiety [Pt(N3)(py)] cross-linking the G and T bases were formed during the fragmentation of monoplatinated dinucleotides. Such binding mode to and oxidative damages on DNA bases imposed by the diazido Pt(IV) complex are apparently distinct from those of cisplatin, perhaps accounting for its unique mechanism of action.Accuracy of protein-ligand binding free energy calculations utilizing implicit solvent models is critically affected by parameters of the underlying dielectric boundary, specifically, the atomic and water probe radii. Here, a global multidimensional optimization pipeline is developed to find optimal atomic radii specifically for protein-ligand binding calculations in implicit solvent. The computational pipeline has these three key components (1) a massively parallel implementation of a deterministic global optimization algorithm (VTDIRECT95), (2) an accurate yet reasonably fast generalized Born implicit solvent model (GBNSR6), and (3) a novel robustness metric that helps distinguish between nearly degenerate local minima via a postprocessing step of the optimization. A graph-based "kT-connectivity" approach to explore and visualize the multidimensional energy landscape is proposed local minima that can be reached from the global minimum without exceeding a given energy threshold (kT) are considered to be connected. As an illustration of the capabilities of the optimization pipeline, we apply it to find a global optimum in the space of just five radii four atomic (O, H, N, and C) radii and water probe radius. The optimized radii, ρW = 1.37 Å, ρC = 1.40 Å, ρH = 1.55 Å, ρN = 2.35 Å, and ρO = 1.28 Å, lead to a closer agreement of electrostatic binding free energies with the explicit solvent reference than two commonly used sets of radii previously optimized for small molecules. At the same time, the ability of the optimizer to find the global optimum reveals fundamental limits of the common two-dielectric implicit solvation model the computed electrostatic binding free energies are still almost 4 kcal/mol away from the explicit solvent reference. The proposed computational approach opens the possibility to further improve the accuracy of practical computational protocols for binding free energy calculations.Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in the world, affecting both men and women, and it is one of the leading causes of cancer related deaths worldwide. Current treatment modalities employed for colorectal cancer management have their own share of drawbacks, such as toxicity due to nonspecific action and chemoresistance that may develop during treatment. The quest and pursuit for newer drugs which can overcome these drawbacks has led to extensive research on plant derived phytoconstituents. Herbal molecules are known to have promising therapeutic efficacy and less toxicity as compared to the current chemotherapeutic drugs of allopathic regimen. However most of these herbal molecules have low bioavailability as a result their therapeutic efficacy gets compromised. Integration of modern delivery approaches with these herbal molecules and presenting them in the form of nanocarriers will help alleviate these drawbacks. This review describes herbal drugs that have potential for treatment of colorectal cancer and nanotechnology strategies widely investigated for the delivery of these herbal molecules. Targeted delivery methods include use of such components as polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, dendrimers, magnetic nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, and nanoemulsions. The paper also discusses in detail the formulation aspects of herbal nanocarriers, their design development, and preclinical assessment.Because viruses still represent a significant threat to human and animal health worldwide, the development of effective weapons against viral infections remains a top priority for the biopharmaceutical industry. This article reviews the dietary and pharmaceutical applications of polysaccharides (PS), first of all chitosan, in the prevention and treatment of viral diseases, focusing more particularly on solid or gel micro/nanoparticulate systems. The intrinsic antiviral activity of PS and their immunostimulatory effects, implemented in animal and human diets, are first surveyed. Then the review discusses the potential of PS-based particles as carriers of antiviral drugs and vaccines, with emphasis on the adjuvant potency of PS in solid vaccine formulations. The gap between the abundance of academic studies in this area and the lack of actual antiviral formulations dispensed to human patients is underlined, notwithstanding a number of branded products on the market.Mesocriconema abolafiai n. sp. is described by morphological, morphometric, and molecular approaches. The new species is characterized by a body slightly curved with 402 to 612 μm length, 90 to 113 cuticular body annuli with smooth to irregular margins lacking of crenation with not more than one anastomoses, lip region not offset, small flattened submedian lobes, stylet robust (52.8-60.0 µm) with well-developed knobs, open vulva with simple anterior lip, straight vagina, filled spermatheca with globular sperms, presence of males, and conical-acute tail with last annulus bilobed or rounded. Discussions are made on the characterization of M. abolafiai n. sp. from the most closely related species, M. ozarkiense, and several other species having similar tail shape. Furthermore, results of phylogenetic analyses inferred from D2 to D3 expansion fragments of 28S rRNA, 18S rRNA, and ITS rRNA gene sequences revealed the phylogenetic position of the new species within representatives of Criconematidae and supported mor revealed the phylogenetic position of the new species within representatives of Criconematidae and supported morphological justifications for considering this population from Iran as a new species in the genus Mesocriconema.Background There is a lack of questionnaires capable of evaluating the clinical control of Brazilian children and adolescents with asthma over a wide age range. The Pediatric Asthma Control and Communication Instrument (PACCI) has been validated, but only with English- and Spanish-speaking children in the United States. Objectives To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the PACCI questionnaire. Methods A cross-sectional psychometric study conducted with children and adolescents aged 01 to 19 years with a clinical diagnosis of asthma, and their respective parents/guardians. The following assessments were conducted socioeconomic status; clinical control using the Childhood Asthma Control Test (c-ACT), Asthma Control Test (ACT); caregiver quality of life using the Pediatric Asthma Caregivers Quality of Life Questionnaire (PACQLQ); and pulmonary function test (spirometry). Validity was evaluated as follows exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis; Cronbach's alpha analysis (α); floor and ceiling effects; receiver operator characteristic curve analysis.