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An updated list of all plant families currently known to contain species with CAM is presented.Recent studies have suggested that predawn stomatal opening may enhance early-morning photosynthesis (A) and improve the relative growth rate of trees. However, the causality between night-time stomatal conductance, A, and tree growth is disputable because stomatal opening in darkness can be mediated by previous day photosynthate loads and might be a consequence of growth-related processes like dark respiration (R). To identify linkages between night-time leaf conductance (gl_night), A, R, and tree growth, we conducted an experiment in hybrid aspen saplings grown under different air relative humidity (RH) conditions and previous day irradiance level (IR_pday). Predawn leaf conductance (gl_predawn) depended on RH, IR_pday and R (P less then 0.05), whereas early-morning gross A (Agross_PAR500) depended on IR_pday and gl_predawn (P less then 0.001). Daytime net A was positively related to Agross_PAR500 and leaf [N] (P less then 0.05). Tree diameter and height increment correlated positively with gl at the beginning and middle of the night (P less then 0.05) but not before dawn. Although our results demonstrate that gl_night was related to tree growth, the relationship was not determined by R. The linkage between gl_predawn and Agross_PAR500 was modified by IR_pday, indicating that daily CO2 assimilation probably provides feedback for stomatal opening before dawn.Australia's clinical research communities responded quickly to COVID-19. Similarly, research funding to address the pandemic was appropriately fast-tracked and knowledge promptly disseminated. This swift and purposeful research response is encouraging and reflects thorough and meticulous training of the academic workforce; in particular the clinician scientist. Clinician scientists have formal clinical and research qualifications (primarily PhD), and are at the forefront of translating knowledge into health care. Yet in reality, advances in medical research are not rapid. Scientific discovery results from the long-term accumulation of knowledge. The drivers of this knowledge are often PhD students who provide new lines of clinical inquiry coupled with the advanced training of early- and mid-career researchers who sustain discovery through a clinician scientist workforce. A crucial point during these COVID-19 times is that this initial investment in training must be nurtured and maintained. Without this investment, the loss of a future generation of potential discoveries and a vibrant scientific workforce to safeguard us from future global health threats is at risk. This risk includes the modest gains achieved by increasing female and minority representation in STEM and the clinician scientist workforce. COVID-19 has presented serious concerns to Australia's health and economy. This perspective is central to these concerns and urges investment in the continuity of training and maintaining a sustainable clinician scientist workforce sufficient to address current and future pandemics, alongside continuing discoveries to improve the health of Australians.C4 perennial Urochloa spp. grasses are widely planted in extensive areas in the tropics. These areas are continuously facing waterlogging events, which limits plant growth and production. However, no commercial cultivar combining excellent waterlogging tolerance with superior biomass production and nutritional quality is available. The objective of this study was to identify root traits that can be used for selecting waterlogging tolerant species of Urochloa. Root respiration, root morphological, architectural and anatomical traits were evaluated in eight contrasting Urochloa spp. genotypes grown under aerated or deoxygenated stagnant solutions. Moreover, modelling of internal aeration was used to relate differences in root traits and root growth in waterlogged soils. Increased aerenchyma formation in roots, reduced stele area and development of a fully suberised exodermis are characteristics improving internal aeration of roots and therefore determining waterlogging tolerance in these C4 forage grasses. Bcl2 inhibitor Waterlogging-tolerant genotypes had steeper root angles and greater root lengths than the waterlogging-sensitive genotypes. In stagnant conditions, waterlogging-tolerant genotypes had a greater proportion of aerenchyma and reduced stele area in root cross-sections, had deeper roots, steeper root angle and larger root biomass, which in turn, allowed for greater shoot biomass. Total root length had the strongest positive influence on shoot dry mass and can therefore be used as proxy for selecting waterlogging tolerant Urochloa genotypes.Published evidence confirms poor access to wait-listing for kidney transplantation for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians from the Northern Territory. This study aimed to identify the practical causes and recommend improvement. Pathways to wait-listing for a kidney transplant were reviewed to identify potential barriers. Processes were mapped to identify potential problem areas, provide comparison of the actual versus the ideal, identify where data needed collecting and provide clear presentation of the processes. Staff involved in the work-up of patients going for wait-listing were asked to list the barriers. Data were collected for patients from the transplant database between 1 January 2017 to 31 August 2018. Quality improvement statistical processes and charts were used to analyse and present the results. There were 102 patients in the transplant work-up process; 81.4% were Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander, 71.6% were progressing with the work-up, 28.4% were on-hold. Of the 29 patients on hold, 92.9% were Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander. Causes of delays to wait-listing included failure to attend appointments due to competing priorities and communication barriers, access and navigating complex pathways to specialist services, transport, co-morbidities requiring multiple tests and multiple specialty services, and pressures on dialysis and hospital bed capacity. In conclusion, barriers to wait-listing for kidney transplantation for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians are complex and can be addressed by redesigning healthcare provision, including increasing the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander workforce to provide education and patient navigation of the healthcare system and improve communication, streamlining investigations and coordinating specialist services.