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Steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) present in germinated potato tubers are toxic; however, the mechanisms underlying SGA metabolism are poorly understood. Therefore, integrated transcriptome, metabolome, and hormone analyses were performed in this study to identify and characterize the key regulatory genes, metabolites, and phytohormones related to glycoalkaloid regulation. Based on transcriptome sequencing of bud eyes of germinated and dormant potato tubers, a total of 6260 differentially expressed genes were identified, which were mainly responsible for phytohormone signal transduction, carbohydrate metabolism, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Two TCP14 genes were identified as the core transcription factors that potentially regulate SGA synthesis. Metabolite analysis indicated that 149 significantly different metabolites were detected, and they were enriched in metabolic and biosynthetic pathways of secondary metabolites. In these pathways, the α-solanine content was increased and the expression of genes related to glycoalkaloid biosynthesis was upregulated. Levels of gibberellin and jasmonic acid were increased, whereas that of abscisic acid was decreased. This study lays a foundation for investigating the biosynthesis and regulation of SGAs and provides the reference for the production and consumption of potato tubers.The lack of reliable approaches for real-time measurement and quantification of polysulfides (H2Sn) in vivo greatly limits the exploration of their potential roles in brain functions. Herein, an electrochemical probe, 4-(5-(1,2-dithiolan-3-yl)pentanamido)-1,2-phenylene bis(2-fluoro-5-nitrobenzoate) (FP2), was rationally designed and created for determination of H2Sn. The bis-electrophilic groups of FP2 could specifically recognize two -SH groups in H2Sn and trigger the generation of an electroactive pyrocatechol moiety, resulting in a well-defined faradic current signal at ∼0.24 V (vs Ag/AgCl). Meanwhile, bidentate thiols were designed as anchoring sites to greatly improve the assembled stability of FP2 at the Au surface, which efficiently defended the interference of glutathione (GSH) with a current decrease of less than 5.2% even after long-term measurements in 5 mM GSH for 3 h. In addition, a stable inner reference molecule with dithiols, α-lipoic acid ferrocenylamide (FcBT), was synthesized to construct a ratiometric electrochemical strategy for in vivo determination of H2Sn through one-step coassembling with FP2 via double S-Au bonds. The present ratiometric strategy demonstrated high selectivity for real-time tracking of H2Sn in a linear range of 0.25-20 μM. Eventually, the developed microelectrode with high selectivity, accuracy, and stability was employed for in vivo assaying of H2Sn in mouse brains with ischemia.Solar-driven interfacial evaporation (SIE) has received extensive attention as a very promising desalination technique to solve the fresh water shortage crisis. However, evaporation rate decline and salt-fouling during long-term SIE seriously hinder applications of solar evaporators. Here, we report the preparation of melamine/silicone (MS) hybrid sponges with controllable microstructure and wettability for efficient SIE by further combination with carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Lomerizine purchase The MS sponges are synthesized by hydrolytic condensation and phase separation of two silanes in the melamine sponge. The microstructure and wettability of the MS sponges are highly controllable by the silanes concentration. The CNTs@MS solar evaporators have a unique three-tier hierarchical macro-/micro-/nanostructure, very low thermal conductivity as well as a superhydrophilic hull and a superhydrophobic nucleus. Consequently, the CNTs@MS solar evaporators show a highly stable evaporation rate of ∼1.75 kg m-2 h-1 without any salt precipitation during a long-term cyclic solar desalination of 3.5 wt % NaCl solution under 1 sun illumination. Furthermore, salt precipitation is completely hindered even during SIE of 20 wt % NaCl solution under 1 sun. link2 The CNTs@MS solar evaporators are very promising for practical SIE because of their excellent performance and simple preparation method.Hydronephrosis is one of the most common diseases in urology. However, due to the difficulties in clinical trials and the lack of reliable in vitro platforms, the surgical indicators are not clear. Herein, the renal-on-chip with a force-sensitive resistor microfluidic platform was established to simulate the state of hydronephrosis. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and tight junction protein claudin-2 were detected on a renal-on-chip microfluidic platform with a force-sensitive resistor (ROC-FS). The results indicated that the ROC-FS had normal physiological functions and the cell viability on ROC-FS declined to around 40% after 48 h of hydronephrosis-simulated treatment. In addition, proteomics analysis of 15 clinical ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) samples showed that compared with normal children, a total of 50 common proteins were differentially expressed in UPJO children (P less then 0.05, |log2fold change| ≥ 1). Metabolomic analysis of 39 clinical UPJO samples showed that a total of 241 metabolisms were dysregulated. Subsequent immunofluorescence and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis using ROC-FS were performed to identify the clinical multi-omics results for screening. All results pointed out that the TGF-β-related signaling pathways and arginine-related metabolism signaling pathways were dysregulated and α-SMA, AGT, and AGA might be the potential biomarkers of hydronephrosis. In addition, correlation analysis of AGT and KLK1 with differential renal function (DRF) from clinical samples indicated good correlation coefficients (R2 0.923, 0.8742, 0.6412, and 0.8347). This demonstrates the state of hydronephrosis could be significantly correlated with the biomarkers. These findings could provide a reliable reference for determining surgical biomarkers clinically, and ROC could be further used in the analysis of other kidney diseases.

Jeju island had the seventh highest incidence rate of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) but showed the lowest case fatality rate among 17 provinces of Korea, which may be associated with comorbidities and geographic differences. This study aimed to analyze the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19 and evaluate the risk factors for severe COVID-19 in Jeju island, Korea.

All patients with COVID-19 admitted between February 20, 2020, and June 19, 2021, at a single center were retrospectively enrolled in this study. The severity of illness was defined using five categories (asymptomatic, mild, moderate, severe, and critical) according to the National Institute of Health criteria. Then, patients with severe and critical illness were grouped into a severe group, whereas patients with asymptomatic, mild, and moderate illness were grouped into a non-severe group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed using risk factors that were found to be significantly associt;0.001) were independently associated with severe COVID-19.

The most relevant risk factors of COVID-19 severity were male sex, older age, underlying chronic lung diseases, and duration of fever during hospitalization. The risk factors for severe COVID-19 were not significantly different from those reported in other studies. However, a lower proportion of the older population among confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases might contribute to the lower fatality rate than the national rate.

The most relevant risk factors of COVID-19 severity were male sex, older age, underlying chronic lung diseases, and duration of fever during hospitalization. The risk factors for severe COVID-19 were not significantly different from those reported in other studies. However, a lower proportion of the older population among confirmed SARS-CoV-2 cases might contribute to the lower fatality rate than the national rate.Tuberculosis (TB) is a common opportunistic infection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. Patients with multidrug-resistant (MDR)-TB have poor outcomes. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of MDR-TB in HIV/TB co-infected patients in the Korea. link3 We reviewed the medical records of HIV/TB co-infected patients at two university hospitals between January 1998 and December 2020. During the study period, a total of 87 HIV/TB co-infected patients were identified, and drug susceptibility test results were available for 44 of them. The prevalence of MDR-TB in the study population was 15.9% (7/44, 95% confidence interval, 5.1 - 26.7).A 64-year old woman who underwent lung transplantation and had t-cannula contracted classic scabies from her daughter. The patient was treated with 5% permethrin 10 times and had two consecutive negative follow-up microscopic examinations. However, the patient had recurrent symptoms and diagnosed with recurrent classic scabies 22 days after the last treatment. Unchanged tie string and unapplied topical agent around the t-cannula skin lesion may be reasons for recurrence. Thus, accurate application of topical treatment and changing the tie string of the t-cannula is needed to prevent a recurrence.

Zika virus (ZIKV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, causes the outbreaks of Latin America in 2015 - 2016, with the incidence of neurological complications. Sunitinib malate, an orally bioavailable malate salt of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is suggested as a broad-spectrum antiviral agent against emerging viruses like severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and SARS-CoV-2.

This study investigated the antiviral efficacy and antiviral mechanisms of sunitinib malate against ZIKV infection using cytopathic effect reduction, virus yield, and time-of-addition assays.

Sunitinib malate concentration-dependently reduced ZIKV-induced cytopathic effect, the expression of viral proteins, and ZIKV yield in supernatant with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC

) value of 0.015 μM, and the selectivity index of greater than 100 against ZIKV infection, respectively. Sunitinib malate had multiple antiviral actions during entry and post-entry stages of ZIKV replication. Sunitinib malate treatment at entry stage significantly reduced the levels of ZIKV RNA replication with the reduction of (+) RNA to (-) RNA ratio and the production of new intracellular infectious particles in infected cells. The treatment at post-entry stage caused a concentration-dependent increase in the levels of ZIKV (+) RNA and (-) RNA in infected cells, along with enlarging the ratio of (+) RNA to (-) RNA, but caused a pointed increase in the titer of intracellular infectious particles by 0.01 and 0.1 μM, and a substantial decrease in the titer of intracellular infectious particles by 1 μM.

The study discovered the antiviral actions of sunitinib malate against ZIKV infection, demonstrating a repurposed, host-targeted approach to identify potential antiviral drugs for treating emerging and global viral diseases.

The study discovered the antiviral actions of sunitinib malate against ZIKV infection, demonstrating a repurposed, host-targeted approach to identify potential antiviral drugs for treating emerging and global viral diseases.