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Greater transcriptional impacts were observed with NX than with DON. In conclusion, our data revealed that the three toxins have similar impacts on the intestine but of different magnitude NX > DON ≫ 3ANX. NX and 3ANX should consequently be included in overall risk analysis linked to the presence of trichothecenes in our diet.The need for personal protective equipment increased exponentially in response to the Covid-19 pandemic. To cope with the mask shortage during springtime 2020, a French consortium was created to find ways to reuse medical and respiratory masks in healthcare departments. The consortium addressed the complex context of the balance between cleaning medical masks in a way that maintains their safety and functionality for reuse, with the environmental advantage to manage medical disposable waste despite the current mask designation as single-use by the regulatory frameworks. We report a Workflow that provides a quantitative basis to determine the safety and efficacy of a medical mask that is decontaminated for reuse. The type IIR polypropylene medical masks can be washed up to 10 times, washed 5 times and autoclaved 5 times, or washed then sterilized with radiations or ethylene oxide, without any degradation of their filtration or breathability properties. There is loss of the anti-projection properties. The Workflow rendered the medical masks to comply to the AFNOR S76-001 standard as "type 1 non-sanitory usage masks". This qualification gives a legal status to the Workflow-treated masks and allows recommendation for the reuse of washed medical masks by the general population, with the significant public health advantage of providing better protection than cloth-tissue masks. Additionally, such a legal status provides a basis to perform a clinical trial to test the masks in real conditions, with full compliance with EN 14683 norm, for collective reuse. The rational reuse of medical mask and their end-of-life management is critical, particularly in pandemic periods when decisive turns can be taken. The reuse of masks in the general population, in industries, or in hospitals (but not for surgery) has significant advantages for the management of waste without degrading the safety of individuals wearing reused masks.There is an increasing recognition that microplastics contamination in soils has become an important threat for terrestrial ecosystems, and can interact with drought. In addition, due to the increasingly serious environmental pollution and the destruction of the ozone layer, the UV-B radiation to the earth's surface has gradually increased. However, we currently have no information about potential effects of microplastics, UV-B, and drought on plant communities. In order to make up for the vacancy, we conducted an experiment with grassland plant communities. Polyester fiber microplastics (absent, present), UV-B (fully transparent polythene film, attenuating UV-B radiation), and soil water conditions (well-watered, drought) were applied in a fully factorial design. A plant community consisting of four indigenous species and one invasive species, co-occurring in the terrestrial ecosystem of the northern temperate zone was established, and we investigated the effects of microplastics, UV-B, drought and their interactions on plant functional traits and plant community structure. We found that shoot and root biomass decreased with drought but increased with microfibers, and drought significantly decreased specific leaf area at the community level. Physiological and biochemical indexes of individual species and plant community were affected by microfibers, UV-B, drought and their interaction to a varying degree. More importantly, five species were divided into three clusters along PC1 corresponding to individuals from G. longituba and P. depressa, B. bipinnata and M. sativa, plus G. parviflora, which indicated that at the same conditions, G. parviflora would occupy unique ecological niches that affect the growth of native species. Our research offers insights into the mechanisms of the coexistence of native and invasive plants, as well as the ecological consequences of microplastics and other environment factors on plant communities.Monitoring of pathogenic bacteria plays a vital role in precluding foodborne disease outbreaks. In this research work, a genosensor based on innovative label-free DNA was developed for the detection of Salmonella. typhimurium (S. typhimurium) in the milk samples. To realize this objective, bimetallic Fe/Mn MOF is synthesized and mixed with methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) and AuNPs which are then stabilized on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and the obtained nanocomposite is immobilized on the Au electrode surface. Different characterization methods such as FE-SEM, TEM, EDS, FTIR, and XRD were used for investigating the particle size and morphological features. Electrochemical and impedimetric techniques were used for exploring the applicability of the fabricated genosensor. Under optimal circumstances, LOD and LOQ have acquired at 0.07 pM and 0.21 pM. Moreover, an extensive linear range of 1 pM-1 μM was resulted for ss-tDNA (single-stranded target DNA), R2 obtained 0.9991. The recoveries were obtained 95.6-104%. Great selectivity against one, two, and three-base mismatched sequences was also shown for fabricated biosensing assay. Furthermore, negative genosensing assay control for investigating selectivity was provided by the ss-tDNAs of Haemophilusinfluenzae and Shigella dysenteriae bacteria. Well-fabricated genosensing bio-assay represents better performance, great specificity, high sensitivity, increased active sites, and finally results in an increase in the electron transfer rate. DIRECT RED 80 chemical structure It is to be noted that the organized genosensing bio-assay is capable of being re-used and re-generated in a straightforward manner to estimate the hybridization process.MXene-based nanomaterials (MBNs) are two-dimensional materials that exhibit a series of sought after properties, including rich surface chemistry, adjustable bandgap structures, high electrical conductivity, hydrophobicity, thermal stability, and large specific surface area. MBNs have an exemplar performance when applied for the degradation of hazardous pollutants with various advanced oxidation processes such as heterogeneous sonocatalysis. As such, this work focuses on the sonocatalytic degradation of various hazardous pollutants using MXene-based catalysts. First, the general principles of sonocatalysis are examined, followed by an analysis of the main components of the MXene-based sonocatalysts and their application for pollutant degradation. Lastly, ongoing challenges are highlighted with recommendations to address the issues.Due to the water solubility and environmentally persistent properties of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), the contamination of PFAS in drinking water is raising widespread concerns for their potential adverse health risks. In the present study, the behavior of PFAS from source waters to effluent water was analyzed by taking samples from three drinking water sources (Yuqiao Reservoir, Beidagang Reservoir, and Yangtze River) and effluent of several treatment processes used in one drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) of Tianjin (China), including pre-chlorination, coagulation, sand filtration, and chlorination. The range of total concentration of PFAS (∑21PFAS) in three source water was 6.64-19.80 ng/L (Yuqiao Reservoir), 80.00-119.86 ng/L (Beidagang Reservoir), and 15.87 ng/L (Yangtze River), respectively. As for individual PFAS, PFBA (perfluorobutanoic acid) was the most abundant PFAS, followed by PFOA (perfluorooctanoic acid), PFBS (perfluorobutane sulfonate), and PFOS (perfluorooctane sulfonate), advisories. In addition, more attention should be paid to the risk caused by the frequently detected emerging PFAS such as 62 Cl-PFESA and HFPO-DA (hexafluoropropylene oxide-dimer acid).Pharmaceutically active compounds are an emerging water contaminant that resists conventional wastewater treatments. Herein, the sonophotocatalytic degradation of Tetracycline (TC) antibiotics as a model contaminant was carried out over a rod-like g-C3N4/V2O5 (RCN-VO) nanocomposite. RCN-VO nanocomposite was synthesized via ultrasound-assisted thermal polycondensation method. The results showed that the RCN-VO nanocomposite could completely remove the TC in water within 60 min under simultaneous irradiation of visible light and ultrasound. Moreover, the sonophotocatalytic TC degradation (a synergy index of ∼1.5) was superior to the sum of individual sonocatalytic and photocatalytic degradation using RCN-VO nanocomposite. Besides, the enhanced sonophotocatalytic activity of RCN-VO can be attributed to the 1D/2D nanostructure and the S-scheme heterojunction formation between RCN and VO where the electrons migrated from RCN to VO across the RCN-VO interface. Under irradiation, the built-in electric field, band edge bending and Coulomb interaction can synergistically facilitate the unavailing electron-hole pair recombination. Thereby, the cumulative electron in RCN and holes in VO can actively take part in the redox reaction which generates free radicals and attack the TC molecules. This study provides insight into a novel S-Scheme heterojunction photocatalyst for the removal of various refractory contaminants via sonophotocatalytic degradation.Limb apparent motion perception (LAMP) refers to the illusory visual perception of a moving limb upon observing two rapidly alternating photographs depicting the same limb in two different postures. Fast stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) induce the more visually guided perception of physically impossible movements. Slow SOAs induce the perception of physically possible movements. According to the motor theory of LAMP, the latter perception depends upon the observer's sensorimotor representations. Here, we tested this theory in two independent studies by performing a central (study 1) and peripheral (study 2) manipulation of the body's sensorimotor states during two LAMP tasks. In the first sham-controlled transcranial direct current stimulation between-subject designed study, we observed that the dampening of left sensorimotor cortex activity through cathodal stimulation biased LAMP towards the more visually guided perception of physically impossible movements for stimulus pairs at slow SOAs. In the second, online within-subject designed study, we tested three participant groups twice (1) individuals with an acquired lower limb amputation, either while wearing or not wearing their prosthesis (2) individuals with body integrity dysphoria (i.e., with a desire for amputation of a healthy leg) while sitting in a regular position or binding up the undesired leg (to simulate the desired amputation); (3) able-bodied individuals while sitting in a normal position or sitting on one of their legs. We found that the momentary sensorimotor state crucially impacted LAMP in individuals with an amputation and able-bodied participants, but not in BID individuals. Taken together, the results of these two studies substantiate the motor theory of LAMP.Hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been shown to induce many B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. B lymphocytes are specialized in producing immunoglobulins, and within chronic HCV infection they can cause a range that goes from polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia without clinical repercussions, passing by mixed cryoglobulinemic vasculitis and eventually reaching B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. This spectrum is supported by substantial epidemiological, pathophysiological and therapeutic data. Many, although not all, pathogenic pathways leading from one extreme to another have been decrypted. Chronic viral antigen stimulation of B lymphocytes has a central role until the last steps towards overt malignancy. This has direct implications in treatment strategies, which always include the use of direct-acting antiviral agents sometimes associated with immunosuppressants. The role of direct-acting antiviral agents has been well established in patients with cryoglobulinemia vasculitis. Its positive impact on B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma needs to be confirmed in larger studies with longer follow-up.