Swainklemmensen3908

n real data analysis with structural equation modeling, data are unlikely to be exactly normally distributed. If we ignore the non-normality reality, the parameter estimates, standard error estimates, and model fit statistics from normal theory based methods such as maximum likelihood (ML) and normal theory based generalized least squares estimation (GLS) are unreliable. On the other hand, the asymptotically distribution free (ADF) estimator does not rely on any distribution assumption but cannot demonstrate its efficiency advantage with small and modest sample sizes. The methods which adopt misspecified loss functions including ridge GLS (RGLS) can provide better estimates and inferences than the normal theory based methods and the ADF estimator in some cases. We propose a distributionally weighted least squares (DLS) estimator, and expect that it can perform better than the existing generalized least squares, because it combines normal theory based and ADF based generalized least squares estimation. Computer simulation results suggest that model-implied covariance based DLS (DLSM) provided relatively accurate and efficient estimates in terms of RMSE. In addition, the empirical standard errors, the relative biases of standard error estimates, and the Type I error rates of the Jiang-Yuan rank adjusted model fit test statistic (TJY) in DLSM were competitive with the classical methods including ML, GLS, and RGLS. The performance of DLSM depends on its tuning parameter a. We illustrate how to implement DLSM and select the optimal a by a bootstrap procedure in a real data example. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms are prominent among firefighters and related to suicidal ideation and behavior, a major public health concern among first responders. The role of sleep disturbance in the associations between PTSD symptoms and suicide risk is not well understood.

The present study examined the moderating effect of global sleep disturbance and three disturbance facets (i.e., sleep efficiency, perceived sleep quality, and daily disturbances), on the association between PTSD symptom severity and suicide risk among firefighters.

The sample was comprised of 802 trauma-exposed firefighters (93.5% male;



= 38.68;

= 8.53), recruited from a large urban fire department in the southern U.S., who completed an online survey.

Results indicated significant main and interactive effects of PTSD symptom severity and global sleep disturbance (and each disturbance facet) with regard to global suicide risk. Covariates included gender, years in the fire service, trauma load, and occupational stress. Models accounted for 24.1%-28.4% of variance in suicide risk.

This study is the first to concurrently examine these variables among firefighters, and this line of inquiry has the potential to inform evidence-based policy as well as prevention and treatment programs for this vulnerable, understudied population. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

This study is the first to concurrently examine these variables among firefighters, and this line of inquiry has the potential to inform evidence-based policy as well as prevention and treatment programs for this vulnerable, understudied population. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Early life adversity is associated with somatic symptoms (SS) in adulthood, but the psychological mechanisms involved need to be further investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate whether disturbances in self-organization (DSO), consisting of affective dysregulation, negative self-concept, and disturbances in relationships, mediate the relationship between exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and SS in adulthood. Chitosan oligosaccharide cell line In addition, we investigated whether resilient coping buffers the direct and indirect effect of ACEs on SS.

The study sample comprised 4,847 Slovenian adults aged 18 to 75 years and was broadly representative of the general population.

Results of the mediation analysis showed that DSO had a notable, significant mediating effect on the relationship between ACEs and SS, with the indirect effect (

×

= .386,

< .001) accounting for 53.3% of the total effect. A moderated mediation analysis revealed a significant interaction between ACEs and resilient coping in predi reserved).

Prior trauma history is a reliable and robust risk predictor for PTSD development. Obtaining an accurate measurement of prior trauma history is critical in research of trauma-related outcomes. The Life Events Checklist (LEC) is a widely used self-report measure of trauma history that categorizes events by the proximity to trauma exposure; however, the field has published multiple scoring methods when assessing the LEC. Herein, we propose a novel scoring procedure in which total scores from the LEC are weighted according to the proximity of trauma exposure with "experienced" events weighted most and "learned about" events weighted least.

The utility of this weighted score was assessed in two traumatically-injured civilian samples and compared against previously published scoring methods, including a nonweighted score including all events experienced, witnessed, and learned about, as well as a score consisting of only experienced events.

Results indicated the standard total score was most reliable, followed by the weighted score. The experienced events score was least reliable, but the best predictor of future PTSD symptoms.

One method to balance the predictive strength of experienced events and the excellent reliability of a total LEC score, is to adopt the newly proposed weighted score. Future use of this weighted scoring method can provide a comprehensive estimate of lifetime trauma exposure while still emphasizing the direct proximity of experienced events compared with other degrees of exposure. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

One method to balance the predictive strength of experienced events and the excellent reliability of a total LEC score, is to adopt the newly proposed weighted score. Future use of this weighted scoring method can provide a comprehensive estimate of lifetime trauma exposure while still emphasizing the direct proximity of experienced events compared with other degrees of exposure. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).