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Six of eleven flavonoids significantly decreased P-gp expression, whereas three flavonoids slightly increased P-gp expression. These results provide valuable information that flavonoids can effectively reverse multidrug resistance of P-gp-mediated transport of nutraceutical and drugs by co-administration.An individual bout of eating involves cues to start eating, as well as cues to terminate eating. One process that determines initiation of eating is food reinforcement. Foods with high reinforcing value are also likely to be consumed in greater quantities. Research suggests both cross-sectional and prospective relationships between food reinforcement and obesity, food reinforcement is positively related to energy intake, and energy intake mediates the relationship between food reinforcement and obesity. A process related to cessation of eating is habituation. Habituation is a general behavioral process that describes a reduction in physiological or affective response to a stimulus, or a reduction in the behavioral responding to obtain a stimulus. Repeated exposure to the same food during a meal can result in habituation to that food and a reduction in consumption. Habituation is also cross-sectionally and prospectively related to body weight, as people who habituate slower consume more in a meal and are more overweight. Research from our laboratory has shown that these two processes independently influence eating, as they can account for almost 60% of the variance in ad libitum intake. In addition, habituation phenotypes show reliable relationships with reinforcing value, such that people who habituate faster also find food less reinforcing. Developing a better understanding of cues to start and stop eating is fundamental to understanding how to modify eating behavior. An overview of research on food reinforcement, habituation and food intake for people with a range of weight status and without eating disorders is provided, and ideas about integrating these two processes that are related to initiation and termination of a bout of eating are discussed.Exosomes, a major type of extracellular vesicles (EVs), are nanoscale vesicles excreted by almost all cell types via invagination of the endosomal membrane pathway. Exosomes play a crucial role in the mediation of intercellular communication both in health and disease, which can be ascribed to their capacity to be transported to neighboring or distant cells, thus regulating the biological function of recipient cells through cargos such as DNA, mRNA, proteins and microRNA. Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a serious microvascular complication associated with diabetes mellitus as well as a significant cause of end-stage renal disease worldwide, which has resulted in a substantial economic burden on individuals and society. However, despite extensive efforts, therapeutic approaches that prevent the progression of DN do not exist, which implies new approaches are required. An increasing number of studies suggest that exosomes are involved in the pathophysiological processes associated with DN, which may potentially provide novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for DN. Hence, this review summarizes recent advances involving exosome mechanisms in DN and their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.Knowing the spatial location of the lipid species present in biological samples is of paramount importance for the elucidation of pathological and physiological processes. In this context, mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) has emerged as a powerful technology allowing the visualization of the spatial distributions of biomolecules, including lipids, in complex biological samples. Among the different ionization methods available, the emerging surface-assisted laser desorption/ionization (SALDI) MSI offers unique capabilities for the study of lipids. This review describes the specific advantages of SALDI-MSI for lipid analysis, including the ability to perform analyses in both ionization modes with the same nanosubstrate, the detection of lipids characterized by low ionization efficiency in MALDI-MS, and the possibilities of surface modification to improve the detection of lipids. The complementarity of SALDI and MALDI-MSI is also discussed. Finally, this review presents data processing strategies applied in SALDI-MSI of lipids, as well as examples of applications of SALDI-MSI in biomedical lipidomics.Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) and their metabolites are considered essential factors to support bone and joint health. The n-6 PUFAs suppress the osteoblasts differentiation via increasing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) expression and promoting adipogenesis while n-3 PUFAs promote osteoblastogenesis by down-regulating PPARγ and enhancing osteoblastic activity. Arachidonic acid (AA) and its metabolite prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) are key regulators of osteoclast differentiation via induction of the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL) pathway. Marine-derived n-3 LCPUFAs have been shown to inhibit osteoclastogenesis by decreasing the osteoprotegerin (OPG)/RANKL signalling pathway mediated by a reduction of pro-inflammatory PGE2 derived from AA. Omega-3 PUFAs reduce the expression of cartilage degrading enzyme matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) and a disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin motifs-5 (ADAMTS-5) protein, oxidative stress and thereby apoptosis via nuclear factor kappa-betta (NF-kβ) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) pathways. In this review, a diverse range of important effects of LCPUFAs on bone cells and chondrocyte was highlighted through different mechanisms of action established by cell cultures and animal studies. This review allows a better understanding of the possible role of LCPUFAs in bone and chondrocyte metabolism as potential therapeutics in combating the pathological complications such as osteoporosis and osteoarthritis.Freezing of gait (FOG) appears to be associated with increased risk of forward falls in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). This study aimed to experimentally validate forward gait instability in PD patients with FOG (PD + FOG). Eleven PD + FOG patients, 9 PD patients without FOG (PD - FOG), and 13 healthy controls participated. Self-selected paced gait was analyzed by a three-dimensional motion-capture analysis system. We assessed the distance between the center of mass and the base of support (COM-BOS distance) and the margin of stability (MOS), considering the position and velocity of the COM as gait stability parameters, spatiotemporal gait parameters and kinematic parameters. The anteroposterior COM-BOS distance was smaller in PD + FOG patients than in PD-FOG patients and controls. Anteroposterior MOS was larger in PD + FOG and PD - FOG patients than controls (p less then 0.05). Tamoxifen PD + FOG patients showed smaller anteroposterior MOS than PD - FOG patients, when adjusting for disease severity (p less then 0.