Strandwiese2283
Previous analyses of active safety systems in left turn across path/opposite direction (LTAP/OD) crashes have shown that sensor sightline obstructions might affect the performance of these systems. National retrospective crash databases provide little information about the proportion of cases which have sightline obstructions. One promising alternative are naturalistic driving studies (NDS). #link# The objective of this study was to estimate the proportion of LTAP/OD crashes and near-crashes which have sightline obstructions using a large-scale NDS and update previous estimates of intersection active safety system effectiveness using this information.
LTAP/OD crash and near-crash cases were identified from the Second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP 2) dataset. link2 Each case was reviewed for the presence of obstructing vehicles when the left turning vehicle began turning. This study considered 241 crash and near-crash LTAP/OD events selected from SHRP 2. SHRP 2 was an NDS which collected 80 million kilometer%. Finally, the effectiveness of an intersection active safety system was evaluated using this sightline obstruction ratio.
This study quantified the sightline obstruction ratio, an important parameter needed to evaluate intersection active safety systems. This study also establishes a baseline for evaluating the presence of sightline obstructions in a future naturalistic driving study when road infrastructure has changed.
This study quantified the sightline obstruction ratio, an important parameter needed to evaluate intersection active safety systems. This study also establishes a baseline for evaluating the presence of sightline obstructions in a future naturalistic driving study when road infrastructure has changed.Studies have revealed that anxiety is associated with intolerance of uncertainty (IU); however, no study has examined the predictive effect of IU on anxiety in individuals with liver transplantation (LT). Therefore, this study aimed to identify the relationship between anxiety and IU levels in individuals who received LT. A descriptive cross-sectional study with a convenience sample (N = 118) was conducted at a center in eastern Turkey. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation, and hierarchical linear regression analysis. The mean scores for the dimensions of IU, state anxiety and trait anxiety were 34.42 ± 8.35, 40.38 ± 10.07, and 41.88 ± 7.53, respectively. IU and anxiety in individuals with LT were identified as related dynamics. Present findings suggest that uncertainty and IU can be considered in the conceptualization and treatment of anxiety and related pathologies. Nurses may seriously consider these results in order to increase the quality of the treatment and care provided to patients.
Individually, hypoxia and protein kinase R (PKR) induce retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) damage by aggravating reactive oxygen species (ROS), oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. However, it is still not established in hypoxia mediates such damaging effect by modulating PKR. This study investigated the expression and activation of PKR in hypoxic RGCs and tested if suppression of PKR by C16 is protective.
Isolated RGCs were under normoxic or hypoxic conditions for 12h. In some cases, hypoxic cells were pre-treated with C16, a PKR inhibitor, or n-acetyl cysteine (NAC) a glutathione (GSH) precursor for 1h and then exposed to hypoxia for the next 12h.
Hypoxia increased cell death, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels, and levels of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). It also increased levels of ROS, the activity of the nuclear factor-kappa beta (NF-κB), JNK, and p38 MAPK, expression of Bax, p53, and cleaved caspase-3, levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and cytoplasmic levels of cytochrome-c. It concomitantly suppressed levels of GSH and Bcl-2. All these events were associated with increased phosphorylation (activation) of PKR and its target eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). Pre-incubating the cells with NAC completely prevented all these effects in hypoxic cells. Similar protective effects without affecting levels of ROS and GSH levels were also seen in hypoxic cells pre-treated with C16.
Hypoxia induces oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in the RGCs mainly by ROS induced activation of PKR, whereas scavenging ROS by NAC or suppressing PKR by C16 is a novel protective mechanism.
Hypoxia induces oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in the RGCs mainly by ROS induced activation of PKR, whereas scavenging ROS by NAC or suppressing PKR by C16 is a novel protective mechanism.
Exposure to coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) is linked to the development of insulin resistance. Previous studies suggested PCB126 alters muscle mitochondrial function through an indirect mechanism. Given that PCBs are stored in fat, we hypothesized that PCB126 alters adipokine secretion, which in turn affects muscle metabolism.
We determined
) the impacts of PCB126 exposure on adipocyte cytokine/adipokine secretion
;
) whether adipocyte-derived factors alter glucose metabolism and mitochondrial function in myotubes when exposed to PCB126; and
) whether preestablished insulin resistance alters the metabolic responses of adipocytes exposed to PCB126 and the communication between adipocytes and myotubes.
3T3-L1 adipocytes were exposed to PCB126 (
1
-
100
nM
) in two insulin sensitivity conditions [insulin sensitive (IS) and insulin resistant (IR) adipocytes], followed by the measurement of secreted adipokines, mitochondrial tion. Interestingly, p-AMPK levels were higher in myotubes exposed to the CM of PCB126-treated IR adipocytes.
Taken together, these data suggest that increased adipokine secretion from IR adipocytes exposed to PCB126 might explain impaired glucose uptake in myotubes. https//doi.org/10.1289/EHP7058.
Taken together, these data suggest that increased adipokine secretion from IR adipocytes exposed to PCB126 might explain impaired glucose uptake in myotubes. https//doi.org/10.1289/EHP7058.
To evaluate the associations between medical check-up items (MCI) for fundus and intraocular pressure abnormality (FIPA) diseases in the Department of Health Management Centre, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University (DHMC-FHS).
Individuals who visited DHMC-FHS and underwent MCI between June 2017 to May 2019 were included, 3237 subjects. A total of 356 participants were diagnosed as FIPA and enrolled. link3 The general clinical characteristics were collected. Diseases for FIPA diagnosed included five cohort, high intraocular pressure, diabetic retinopathy, hypertension fundus arteriosclerosis, large eye cup, and high myopia fundus changes. Possible impact factors of MCI included blood routine, B-ultrasound, heart rate, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, standard vision, cerebral arteriosclerosis, body mass, arterial/carotid arteriosclerosis, etc. Further, the Pearson's correlation coefficients and logistic regression analyses were used to examine associations between MCI and FIPA.
The weighted studindings could help us prevent and diagnose FIPA diseases in time via MCI.
Of FIPA participants, high intraocular pressure, hypertension fundus arteriosclerosis and high myopia fundus changes were shown a positive relationship with MCI. Control IOP, habitual exercise and less frequent smoking were regarded as positive associations with decreased FIPA. These findings could help us prevent and diagnose FIPA diseases in time via MCI.Practitioners need validated strategies for teaching children with significant multiple disabilities (e.g., cognitive, motor, and sensory disability) to use tangible symbols for expressive communication. This single-case experimental design study replicated the positive effect of an adapted protocol for teaching Phase 1 of the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) using tangible symbols and extended it to a younger group (4-7 years old) of learners with multiple disabilities. It also tested the effect of an adapted protocol for Phase 2 of PECS to incorporate use of a single switch speech-generating device to gain the attention of an adult communication partner. Two of three students who reached mastery in Phase 1 also reached mastery in Phase 2 and may have generalized requesting behavior from the interventionist (i.e., researchers) to their classroom teacher. Results add to the growing evidence base that shows that the adapted PECS Phase 1 procedures are a promising practice for learners with multiple disabilities, including sensory impairment, and provide preliminary evidence for a more efficient and effective approach to adapting PECS Phase 2 than previously studied for this group of learners. Directions for future research and recommendations for practice are provided.
We review the sampling models described in John Senders's doctoral thesis on "visual sampling processes" via a ready and accessible exposition.
John Senders left a significant imprint on human factors/ergonomics (HF/E). Here, we focus on one preeminent aspect of his career, namely visual attention.
We present, clarify, and expand the models in his thesis through computer simulation and associated visual illustrations.
One of the key findings of Senders's work on visual sampling concerns the linear relationship between signal bandwidth and visual sampling rate. The models that are used to describe this relationship are the periodic sampling model (PSM), the random constrained sampling model (RCM), and the conditional sampling model (CSM). A recent replication study that used results from modern eye-tracking equipment showed that Senders's original findings are manifestly replicable.
Senders's insights and findings withstand the test of time and his models continue to be both relevant and useful to the present and promise continued impact in the future.
The present paper is directed to stimulate a broad spectrum of researchers and practitioners in HF/E and beyond to use these important and insightful models.
The present paper is directed to stimulate a broad spectrum of researchers and practitioners in HF/E and beyond to use these important and insightful models.Pediatric functional constipation (FC) reportedly affects at least 1 in 10 children worldwide. Parent and family education is a key component for successful treatment, yet there is little research exploring what information families need and how to best support them. The aim of this review is to synthesize current evidence on the experiences and information needs of parents caring for a child with FC. We systematically searched published research and completed screening against a priori inclusion criteria. Thirteen studies (n = 10 quantitative, n = 3 qualitative) were included. QNZ found 2 main themes, precarious footing and profound and pervasive effects. Heavy caregiving burdens fueled doubts, misinformation, relationship breakdown, and treatment deviation. In light of clinical recommendations, our findings reveal a potential mismatch between parents' needs and care provision for FC. It is likely that both parents and health care providers would benefit from resources and interventions to improve care related to pediatric FC.
