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penalties may be promising policies for mitigating driving-related harms due to another drinker. Higher VAT rate might reduce riding with a drunk driver.

Although results are associational and not causal, comprehensive penalties may be promising policies for mitigating driving-related harms due to another drinker. Higher VAT rate might reduce riding with a drunk driver.Infection-induced panniculitis has been described in association with a broad range of microorganisms. Among those, viral panniculitis represents a minor category, with only a few anecdotal reports in the literature documenting viral infection in the subcutaneous fat. Herein, we report a woman in her 30s with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis on rituximab and prednisone, who presented with a 6-month history of progressive multisystem manifestations, including unintentional weight loss, fever, fatigue, myopathy, pancreatitis, and sensorineural hearing loss. She had indurated plaques on her thighs characterized by predominantly lobular panniculitis with chronic lymphohistiocytic inflammation. Molecular studies performed at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention identified evidence of Enterovirus group with the highest identity of Coxsackievirus A9. Enterovirus RNA was also detected in the cerebrospinal fluid and muscle. Based on the findings, a diagnosis of disseminated enteroviral infection in the setting of B-cell depletion was rendered. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first reported case of viral panniculitis with documentation of Coxsackievirus A9 in the skin. Since rituximab may be used for the treatment of autoimmune dermatological diseases, familiarity of the potential occurrence of severe enteroviral infections in the setting of immunosuppressive treatment is important for dermatopathologists.

Blood donors, especially young donors, are considered a healthy segment of the population. We sought to identify medical issues that may warrant medical referral in young first-time blood donors.

A retrospective cohort study was performed in first-time donors ages 16-22 who presented in a system of nineteen regional United States blood centres over 10years. Donor health attributes characterized include body mass index, blood pressure, total cholesterol and pre-donation haemoglobin. Using standardized definitions, overweight and obese body mass, hypertension, elevated cholesterol and anaemia were identified and characterized in this donor population.

Among 825041 young first-time donors presenting between January 2009 and December 2018, with available measurements, 46·9% were either overweight or obese, 59·8% demonstrated high blood pressure (22·2% elevated blood pressure, 37·6% stage 1 or 2 hypertension), elevated cholesterol was identified among 6·3% of males and 8·8% of females, and anaemia was presenrs and provide a public health benefit.

In 2010, an intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) product was removed from the market due to an association with serious thromboembolic events. Investigations revealed that factor XIa (FXIa) was present as a process-related impurity. This study investigated the ability of two commercial FXIa assays to measure FXIa in immunoglobulin preparations and conducted a survey of FXIa activity in marketed immunoglobulin products.

Factor XIa assays were modified to include spiking of samples with FXIa before testing. An immunoglobulin product and its excipient were used to assess the ability of the assays to recover the spiked FXIa levels.

The Biophen FXIa assay required a high pre-dilution of the sample to obtain statistically valid results and complete FXIa recovery. The ROX FXIa assay was more sensitive, giving statistically valid results at a lower sample pre-dilution and FXIa spike level. This modified ROX FXIa assay was used to assay 17 lots of immunoglobulin products for FXIa. Two product lots had measurable FXIa levels without the need for spiking. A further 3 lots produced detectable but not statistically valid FXIa results when left unspiked. Spiking produced statistically valid assays and recoveries above 100%, demonstrating inherent FXIa.

This study shows marketed immunoglobulin products can contain detectable levels of FXIa. Spiking brings the FXIa levels into the quantifiable range of the assay, allowing measurement of inherent FXIa. Accurate measurement is important to inform on 'safe' levels of FXIa in these products and allow future safety guidelines to be set.

This study shows marketed immunoglobulin products can contain detectable levels of FXIa. Spiking brings the FXIa levels into the quantifiable range of the assay, allowing measurement of inherent FXIa. Accurate measurement is important to inform on 'safe' levels of FXIa in these products and allow future safety guidelines to be set.

During the ongoing pandemic of COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in plasma and platelet products from asymptomatic blood donors, raising concerns about potential risk of transfusion transmission, also in the context of the current therapeutic approach utilizing plasma from convalescent donors. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of amotosalen/UVA light treatment to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 in human plasma to reduce the risk of potential transmission through blood transfusion.

Pools of three whole-blood-derived human plasma units (630-650ml) were inoculated with a clinical SARS-CoV-2 isolate. Spiked units were treated with amotosalen/UVA light (INTERCEPT Blood System™) to inactivate SARS-CoV-2. Infectious titres and genomic viral load were assessed by plaque assay and real-time quantitative PCR. Inactivated samples were subject to three successive passages on permissive tissue culture to exclude the presence of replication-competent viral particles.

Inactivation of infectious viral particles in spiked plasma units below the limit of detection was achieved by amotosalen/UVA light treatment with a mean log reduction of >3·32±0·2. Selleck LXS-196 Passaging of inactivated samples on permissive tissue showed no viral replication even after 9days of incubation and three passages, confirming complete inactivation. The treatment also inhibited NAT detection by nucleic acid modification with a mean log reduction of 2·92±0·87 PFU genomic equivalents.

Amotosalen/UVA light treatment of SARS-CoV-2 spiked human plasma units efficiently and completely inactivated >3·32±0·2 log of SARS-CoV-2 infectivity, showing that such treatment could minimize the risk of transfusion-related SARS-CoV-2 transmission.

3·32 ± 0·2 log of SARS-CoV-2 infectivity, showing that such treatment could minimize the risk of transfusion-related SARS-CoV-2 transmission.