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This indicates that high concentration of NaHCO3 used in this study played as a stress factor for β-carotene accumulation, although high productivity of biomass still obtained.Monoclonal antibodies are widely used as diagnostic reagents and for therapeutic purposes, and their demand is increasing extensively. To produce these proteins in sufficient quantities for commercial use, it is necessary to raise the output by scaling up the production processes. This review describes recent trends in high-density cell culture systems established for monoclonal antibody production that are excellent methods to scale up from the lab-scale cell culture. Among the reactors, hollow fiber bioreactors contribute to a major part of high-density cell culture as they can provide a tremendous amount of surface area in a small volume for cell growth. As an alternative to hollow fiber reactors, a novel disposable bioreactor has been developed, which consists of a polymer-based supermacroporous material, cryogel, as a matrix for cell growth. Packed bed systems and disposable wave bioreactors have also been introduced for high cell density culture. These developments in high-density cell culture systems have led to the monoclonal antibody production in an economically favourable manner and made monoclonal antibodies one of the dominant therapeutic and diagnostic proteins in biopharmaceutical industry.Platycodon grandiflorum root (Platycodi radix) saponins, platycosides, have been used as health supplements and food items for the treatment of respiratory disorders and pulmonary diseases. selleck inhibitor Deglycosylated saponins have been known to exert stronger biological effects than their glycosylated forms. In the present study, glycosylated platycosides in Platycodi radix extract were biotransformed into deglycosylated 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl platycosides, including 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl platycodigenin, 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl polygalacic acid, and 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl platyconic acid, by pectinase from Aspergillus aculeatus. This is the first report on the quantitative enzymatic production of 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl platycosides. The chemical structures of 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl platycosides were identified with LC/MS. The biotransformation pathways of three-type platycosides in Platycodi radix into 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl platycosides were established.Mycobacterium tuberculosis produce mycolic acids which are relevant for persistence, recalcitrance to antibiotics and defiance to host immunity. c-di-GMP is a second messenger involved in transition from planktonic cells to biofilms, whose levels are controlled by diguanylate cyclases (DGC) and phosphodiesterases (PDE). The transcriptional regulator dosR, is involved in response to low oxygen, a condition likely happening to a subset of cells within biofilms. Here, we found that in M. bovis BCG, expression of both BCG1416c and BCG1419c genes, which codes for a DGC and a PDE, respectively, decreased in both stationary phase and during biofilm production. The kasA, kasB, and fas genes, which are involved in mycolic acid biosynthesis, were induced in biofilm cultures, as it was dosR, therefore suggesting an inverse correlation in their expression compared with that of genes involved in c-di-GMP metabolism. The relative abundance within trehalose dimycolate (TDM) of α-mycolates decreased during biofilm maturation, with methoxy mycolates increasing over time, and keto species remaining practically stable. Moreover, addition of synthetic c-di-GMP to mid-log phase BCG cultures reduced methoxy mycolates, increased keto species and practically did not affect α-mycolates, showing a differential effect of c-di-GMP on keto and methoxy mycolic acids metabolism.Periplanetasin-4 is an antimicrobial peptide with 13 amino acids identified in cockroaches. It has been reported to induce fungal cell death by apoptosis and membrane-targeted action. Analogs were designed by substituting arginine residues to modify the electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions accordingly and explore the effect of periplanetasin-4 through the increase of net charge and the decrease of hydrophobicity. The analogs showed lower activity than periplanetasin-4 against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Similar to periplanetasin-4, the analogs exhibited slight hemolytic activity against human erythrocytes. Membrane studies, including determination of changes in membrane potential and permeability, and fluidity assays, revealed that the analogs disrupt less membrane integrity compared to periplanetasin-4. Likewise, when the analogs were treated to the artificial membrane model, the passage of molecules bigger than FD4 was difficult. In conclusion, arginine substitution could not maintain the membrane disruption ability of periplanetasin-4. The results indicated that the attenuation of hydrophobic interactions with the plasma membrane caused a reduction in the accumulation of the analogs on the membrane before the formation of electrostatic interactions. Our findings will assist in the further development of antimicrobial peptides for clinical use.Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which causes serious respiratory illness such as pneumonia and lung failure, was first reported in Wuhan, the capital of Hubei, China. The etiological agent of COVID-19 has been confirmed as a novel coronavirus, now known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is most likely originated from zoonotic coronaviruses, like SARS-CoV, which emerged in 2002. Within a few months of the first report, SARS-CoV-2 had spread across China and worldwide, reaching a pandemic level. As COVID-19 has triggered enormous human casualties and serious economic loss posing global threat, an understanding of the ongoing situation and the development of strategies to contain the virus's spread are urgently needed. Currently, various diagnostic kits to test for COVID-19 are available and several repurposing therapeutics for COVID-19 have shown to be clinically effective. In addition, global institutions and companies have begun to develop vaccines for the prevention of COVID-19. Here, we review the current status of epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and vaccine development for COVID-19.Objectives　The number of elderly joggers/runners in Japan has been on the rise. This study aimed to investigate the practice of jogging/running activity, features of quality of life (QOL) among the elderly, and the relationships between jogging/running activity and QOL features.Methods　A questionnaire survey was conducted with 83 older adults aged 60-81 who had participated in 7 marathons held from November 2014 to July 2015. Sex, age, experience (years), mileage (kms/month), frequency of jogging/running activity (times/week), frequency of participation in marathons (times/year), and QOL were assessed. QOL was measured with the WHOQOL26, which is composed of "overall QOL", "physical," "psychological," "social relationships," and "environment." The relations between these variables were estimated using correlation and multiple regression analyses.Results　In the majority of the participants, experience was 5 or more years, mileage was less than 150 kms/month, frequency of jogging/running activity was 1-4 times itive interpretation of the present findings.Objectives　This study aimed to examine current relationships with neighbors among city dwellers and determine the factors associated with providing and accepting support in daily life.Methods　The "Survey to Enrich the Lives of Miyamae Ward Residents" was conducted with 1,000 people aged ≥30 years residing in Miyamae Ward, Kawasaki City. The survey items included baseline characteristics (e.g., sex, age, and residential status), relationships with neighbors, inclination to share personal information, and inclination to provide/accept support for the instrumental activities of daily living (IADL). To identify the factors associated with providing and accepting support for IADL, logistic regression analyses were performed with the following independent variables baseline characteristics, neighborly relationships, inclination to share personal information, and inclination to provide support for the IADL.Results　We analyzed 407 respondents with complete responses. Among the different levels of neighborly relationsy contribute to closer relationships with neighbors in urban areas. Although the respondents generally only exchanged greetings with neighbors, closer relationships are needed to facilitate a willingness to provide support to others. While many respondents were willing to provide simple assistance in daily life, rather fewer would seek help for the same activities. However, the acceptance of support was associated with the inclination to provide support, indicating a correlation between these two attitudes. In order to further encourage mutual support in daily life in urban areas, it is necessary to not only improve the level of relationships with neighbors, but also to implement initiatives that increase opportunities for people to gain experience providing support.Objectives　Differences in exposure to secondhand smoke at the workplace, based on job category, have been assessed in some countries. While differences due to socioeconomic status have been assessed in Japan, few studies have been conducted to examine differences across job categories. We aimed to clarify the differences in nonsmokers' exposure to secondhand smoke at the workplace across job categories in Japan.Methods　This cross-sectional study used data from an online survey conducted in 2017. A total of 1,739 participants, aged 20-69 years, were included. The dependent variable was exposure to secondhand smoke at the workplace, whereas the independent variable was job category, which was classified into the following 7 categories 1) Management, Professional, and Technical; 2) Clerical; 3) Sales and Service; 4) Security; 5) Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishery; 6) Production Process, Transport, Cleaning, Packaging, etc.; and 7) Transportation, Machine Operation, Construction, and Mining. Analysis included est job categories may not be able to benefit from secondhand smoke prevention measures, although the measures have been promoted by the revised Health Promotion Act. It is, thus, necessary to monitor the situation of exposure to secondhand smoke at the workplace across diverse settings.Objectives　One of the diversity indicators of food intake in the elderly Japanese population is the Dietary Variety Score (DVS). Studies on elderly people have reported the relationship of food intake with health outcomes, such as body function, higher-level functional capacity, fall risk, and sarcopenia. However, the index have not been studied enough whether it is suggestive of nutrients and the characteristics of the meal by various food intakes. The purpose of this study was to clarify the DVS and its relationship with nutrient intakes and meal days consisting of staple foods, main dishes, and side dishes among elderly adults.Methods　The participants were 182 community-dwelling elderly adults (65-84 years) in Itabashi city, Tokyo. For the food diversity indicator, we used the DVS developed by Kumagai et al. and classified the patients as follows the low score group (0-3 points), the medium score group (4-6 points), and the high score group (7-10 points). Dietary intakes were assessed using a 3-day dietary record.