Skytteritter8958

To date, the clinical and scientific literature has best documented the effects of classical psychedelics, such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), psilocybin, and dimethyltryptamine (DMT), in typical quantities most often associated with macrodosing. More recently, however, microdosing with psychedelics has emerged as a social trend and nascent therapeutic intervention. This variation in psychedelic practice refers to repeat, intermittent ingestion of less-than-macrodose amounts that do not cause the effects associated with full-blown "trips". Microdosing paves the road to incorporating psychedelic drugs into a daily routine while maintaining, or even improving, cognitive and mental function. Unlike macrodosing with psychedelics, the influence of microdosing remains mostly unexplored. And yet, despite the paucity of formal studies, many informal accounts propose that microdosing plays an important role as both a therapeutic intervention (e.g., in mental disorders) and enhancement tool (e.g., recreationally-to boost creativity, improve cognition, and drive personal growth). In response to this relatively new practice, we provide an integrative synthesis of the clinical, social, and cultural dimensions of microdosing. We describe some of the overarching context that explains why this practice is increasingly in vogue, unpack potential benefits and risks, and comment on sociocultural implications. In addition, this article considers the effects that macro- and microdoses have on behavior and psychopathology in light of their dosage characteristics and contexts of use.Ameloblastic carcinoma (AC) is an uncommon malignant odontogenic tumor, with about 200 cases published in the literature. Here, we report a case of AC occurring in the maxilla - at the same anatomical location of an ameloblastoma 8 years earlier. A 23-year-old woman with maxillary swelling of 6-month duration was referred to our service. Extraoral examination revealed a swelling over the right side of the face, lifting her lip and nose. Intraorally, a firm, reddish, nodular swelling involving the right maxilla was observed. Computed tomography showed a hypodense image invading the right maxilla, maxillary sinus, and nasal fossa. An incisional biopsy was performed, followed by histopathologic examination and an immunohistochemical panel, which led to the diagnosis of AC. The lesion was treated with partial maxillectomy followed by immediate rehabilitation. Neither local recurrence of the tumor nor distant metastasis was observed during a 4-year follow-up. AC is a highly malignant lesion which requires aggressive therapy. Its diagnosis should be based on combined clinical, imaging, and pathological manifestations in order to improve diagnostic accuracy.

Endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) is the standard treatment strategy for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) resistant to medical treatment, and it is known to have postoperative complications and recurrences, which in turn result in suboptimal outcomes. Several methods are used to prevent postoperative scarring, adhesions, oedema, infection or recurrences in cavities. The role of steroids in improving postoperative outcomes is well established. They can be administered systemically or locally to enhance drug delivery into paranasal sinuses. In this study, we used triamcinolone irrigation immediately following surgery on one side of the nose, in patients with bilateral disease. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of intra-operative triamcinolone irrigation on postoperative outcomes, in patients with bilateral pansinusitis.

It was an interventional randomized controlled study, conducted at a tertiary care centre in North India. The analysis of 58 patients with bilateral pansinusitis was done from complications in CRS patients.

Triamcinolone irrigation effectively improves postoperative outcomes and reduces early postoperative complications in CRS patients.

Whether sonographic features of mediastinal lymph nodes can differentiate malignancy from tuberculosis remains unclear.

We retrospectively identified subjects with a confirmed diagnosis of tuberculosis or malignancy on endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA). Our primary objective was to compare the endosonographic characteristics of lymph nodes on EBUS between tuberculosis and malignancy. Our secondary objective was to assess the diagnostic performance of endosonographic characteristics in predicting malignancy.

We included 774 subjects (1,498 lymph nodes) with a confirmed diagnosis of tuberculosis (n=497) or malignancy (n=277). Distinct lymph node margins (84.1% vs. 93.8%, P <0.001) and coagulation necrosis sign (11.2% vs. 29.8%, P <0.001) were less common in malignancy than tuberculosis. The absence of central hilar structure had the highest sensitivity (92.1%) for malignancy. Endosonographic characteristics had poor specificity for malignancy(round shape and coagulation necrosis sign, 77.3% and 70.2%. In multivariate analysis, coagulation necrosis sign was associated with a lower odds of malignancy (odds ratio 0.45 [95% confidence intervals, 0.21-0.95]).

Endosonographic characteristics, such as round shape and the coagulation necrosis sign, are not specific for malignancy in high tuberculosis prevalence areas.

Endosonographic characteristics, such as round shape and the coagulation necrosis sign, are not specific for malignancy in high tuberculosis prevalence areas.Scorzonera species belong to the Asteraceae family comprising more than 25000 species. The present study aimed to examine the phytochemical profiles and biological activities of S. sandrasica Hartvig et Strid, S. coriacea A. Duran&Aksoy, and S. ahmet-duranii Makbul&Coskuncelebi which are endemic species to Turkey. Flavonoids such as hyperoside, isoquercitrin, rutin, isoorientin, orientin, 7-O-methyl isoorientin, luteolin-7-O-β-glycoside, apigenin-7-O-β-glucoside, vitexin, isovitexin as well as caffeoylquinic acid derivatives including chlorogenic acid, 4,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid, and 1,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid contents were analyzed to clarify phytochemical content of the extracts. Aerial parts of the investigated extracts were determined as contain flavonoids in high amounts. Chlorogenic acid and its derivatives were detected in all investigated species, in varying amounts, both in the roots and aerial parts. S. coriacea aerial parts contained the highest total phenolic and flavonoids. The strongest inhibitory activities on ABTS and DPPH radicals were also observed with S. coriacea aerial parts by 8.07±0.28 and 13.94±0.53 μg/ml of IC50 values, respectively. Total phenolic contents of the extracts were significantly correlated with DPPH (r=-0.9842, p=0.0004) and ABTS free radical scavenging (r=-0.9870, p=0.0003) and total antioxidant capacity (r=0.8173, p=0.0470), as well as total flavonoid contents (r=0.8820, p=0.0201). S. sandrasica aerial parts and S. ahmet-duranii roots exhibited the greatest red blood cell membrane protection and protein denaturation inhibition, respectively. From the phytochemical point of view, all the selected species were analyzed for the first time.Over the past 50 years the Ogden model has been widely used in material modelling owing to its ability to match accurately the experimental data on elastomers at large strain, as well as its mathematical properties, such as polyconvexity. In this paper, these characteristics are exploited to formulate a finite-strain model that incorporates, through the phase-field approach recently proposed by Wu (Wu 2017 J. Mech. Phys. Solids 103, 72-99) for small strains, a cohesive damage mechanism which leads to the progressive degradation of the material stiffness and to failure under tension. By properly tailoring the constitutive parameters, the model is capable of encompassing a wide range of effects, from brittle to pseudo-ductile failure modes. A plane stress problem is formulated to test the model against experiments on double-network elastomers, which display a pseudo-ductile damage behaviour at large strain, and on conventional rubber compounds with brittle failure. The results show that the proposed model is applicable to fracture coalescence and propagation in a wide range of materials. This article is part of the theme issue 'The Ogden model of rubber mechanics Fifty years of impact on nonlinear elasticity'.The power law in terms of stretch, the truncated series representation and the Valanis-Landel hypothesis are distinguished features of Ogden's strain-energy density function. While they represent a set of special constitutive choices, they have also been shown recently to allow a particular molecular statistical interpretation of the model, where each of these ingredients can be associated with a step in the development of the strain-energy density of the polymer network from the statistical mechanics of long-chain molecules. The schematic of this perspective brings us into a position to vary these steps individually. By this means, Ogden's theory can be embedded in a certain family of models within the large class of isotropic hyperelastic materials, whose members can be identified as close and distant 'relatives'. This article is part of the theme issue 'The Ogden model of rubber mechanics Fifty years of impact on nonlinear elasticity'.Benign and malignant lesions in tissues or organs can be detected by elastographic investigations in which pathological regions are spotted from local alterations of the stiffness. As is known, the shear modulus provides a measure of the stiffness of an elastic material. Based on the classical theory of linear elasticity, an elastogram yields estimations of the linear shear modulus from measurements of the speed of small-amplitude transverse waves propagating in the medium tested. In this paper, we show that the estimation of the shear modulus can be improved significantly by employing the fourth-order weakly nonlinear theory of elasticity (FOE), and indicate how the stiffness can be assessed more precisely with the use of FOE. We discuss also why FOE provides more reliable results than the fully nonlinear theory of elasticity. selleck inhibitor This article is part of the theme issue 'The Ogden model of rubber mechanics Fifty years of impact on nonlinear elasticity'.We place the Ogden model of rubber elasticity, published in Proceedings of the Royal Society 50 years ago, in the wider context of the theory of nonlinear elasticity. We then follow with a short interview of Ray Ogden FRS and introduce the papers collected for this Theme Issue. This article is part of the theme issue 'The Ogden model of rubber mechanics Fifty years of impact on nonlinear elasticity'.Constitutive models are important to biomechanics for two key reasons. First, constitutive modelling is an essential component of characterizing tissues' mechanical properties for informing theoretical and computational models of biomechanical systems. Second, constitutive models can be used as a theoretical framework for extracting and comparing key quantities of interest from material characterization experiments. Over the past five decades, the Ogden model has emerged as a popular constitutive model in soft tissue biomechanics with relevance to both informing theoretical and computational models and to comparing material characterization experiments. The goal of this short review is threefold. First, we will discuss the broad relevance of the Ogden model to soft tissue biomechanics and the general characteristics of soft tissues that are suitable for approximating with the Ogden model. Second, we will highlight exemplary uses of the Ogden model in brain tissue, blood clot and other tissues. Finally, we offer a tutorial on fitting the one-term Ogden model to pure shear experimental data via both an analytical approximation of homogeneous deformation and a finite-element model of the tissue domain.