Sheehanahmad1432
These days, developments in graphical technology have resulted in an increase in the chance to view 3D video clips. Visually induced motion sickness (VIMS) has been widely reported as a negative result of viewing these clips. The onset of VIMS is explained by some hypotheses. However, the root causes of VIMS have not been elucidated yet, whereas dizziness and nausea are regarded as symptoms of VIMS. In this study, we focus on the difference in the pattern of body sway among age groups and examine whether the consistency between the background and the viewpoint motion depends on the severity of VIMS.
This experiment was conducted with 116 subjects aged 15-89 years. They peripherally viewed a 3D video clip showing a sphere whose motion was consistent with their viewpoint (VC-I) and another 3D video clip of a sphere whose motion was inconsistent with their viewpoint (VC-II). Statokinesigrams (SKGs) were recorded with their eyes open and with their eyes closed for 60 s. The amount of sway was calculated from the SKGs.
Results showed that for all age groups, sway values were significantly higher when viewing the 3D video clip (VC-II) than in the Pre. However, for the elderly, there was no significant difference between the sway values while viewing the VC-I and those in the Pre.
Results suggest that VIMS might not occur in the elderly because of the deterioration of their visual function, such as visual acuity and accommodation, with advancing age.
Results suggest that VIMS might not occur in the elderly because of the deterioration of their visual function, such as visual acuity and accommodation, with advancing age.
The confirmation of abnormal behavior during video monitoring in polysomnography (PSG) and the frequency of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep without atonia (RWA) during REM sleep based on physiological indicators are essential diagnostic criteria for the diagnosis of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD). However, no clear criteria have been established for the determination of the tonic and phasic activities of RWA. In this study, we investigated an RWA decision program that simulates visual inspection by clinical laboratory technicians.
We used the measurement data of 25 men and women (average age±standard deviation 72.7±1.7 years) who visited the Sleep Treatment Center for PSG inspection due to suspected RBD. The chin electromyography (EMG) during REM sleep was divided into 30 s intervals, and RWA decisions were made on the basis of visual inspection by a clinical laboratory technician. We compared and investigated two machine-learning methods namely support vector machine (SVM) and convolutional neural netwthis study, we investigated the automatic analysis of PSG results focusing on RBD, which is a parasomnia. As a result, there were no misclassifications of patients in the 25 subjects in the patient or healthy groups based on the estimates of RBD prevalence using CNN. The prevalence estimation based on our proposed automated algorithm is considered effective for the primary screening for RBD.
Olfactory stimulation elicits various physiological responses. However, few reports exist on the changes in gastric motility during olfactory stimulation in humans. In this regard, we carried out electrogastrography (EGG) to non-invasively measure the gastric myoelectrical activity, which regulates gastric motility. Moreover, subjective sensory evaluation was performed to determine which characteristics of vanilla odor at two different concentrations affect the myoelectrical activity.
The participants consisted of eight healthy young males. EGG and electrocardiography (ECG) recordings were obtained approximately 20 min prior to and during olfactory stimulation. Autonomic nervous system activity was evaluated in terms of heart rate variability (HRV) and mean heart rate (HR) from ECG signals. EGG signals were analyzed by spectral analysis. AZD4547 purchase In addition, the translation error was estimated by the Wayland algorithm. Sensory evaluation was performed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS).
There were no significant differences in HRV and HR values and results of spectral analyses of EGG signals in all sample presentations. The translation error of EGG signals and the rating of perceived odor intensity significantly increased in a concentration-dependent manner. There was a strong positive correlation between translation error and odor intensity.
The correlation found between translation error and odor intensity suggests that the higher the vanilla odor intensity was perceived, the greater the randomness of EGG signals was. Our results suggest that the application of the Wayland algorithm to EGG signals can be used as an objective indicator in odor evaluation.
The correlation found between translation error and odor intensity suggests that the higher the vanilla odor intensity was perceived, the greater the randomness of EGG signals was. Our results suggest that the application of the Wayland algorithm to EGG signals can be used as an objective indicator in odor evaluation.
The benefit of using a noncontact eye-tracking system is its low a burden on individuals for measuring biological signals. The goal of this study was to develop a visually induced motion sickness (VIMS) evaluation index using data collected with a noncontact eye-tracking system for driving simulator (DS) experiments.
The participants included nine elderly people with visual and balance functions that did not interfere with their daily life. The gaze data of the participants were measured at rest-both before and after DS trials. The participants answered followed up the simulator sickness questionnaire (SSQ) before and after each trial. The participants were divided into two groups on the basis of their SSQ results. One group experienced VIMS during the DS trial (four people; average age, 79.0 years), whereas the other group did not experience it (five people; average age, 71.2 years).
The results of VIMS symptoms were confirmed data concerning the locus of eye-tracking were lengthened, the eye-tracking data were diffused. This experiment demonstrated the usefulness of sparse density as a quantification index based on eye-tracking data in the evaluation of VIMS.
Regarding the application of the findings of this study, it is believed that it will be easier to detect VIMS symptoms induced by DS operations if the index can be used for an eye-tracking data-based evaluation of VIMS.
Regarding the application of the findings of this study, it is believed that it will be easier to detect VIMS symptoms induced by DS operations if the index can be used for an eye-tracking data-based evaluation of VIMS.In this article, we present the following a background of visually induced motion sickness (VIMS), the goal of our study, and descriptions of three recent studies conducted by our group on the measurement and analysis of eye movement while viewing movies and the relationship of eye movement with VIMS. First, this study focuses on the relationship between eye movement and motion sickness susceptibility. We investigated the relationship between the motion sickness susceptibility and the frequency of optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) with peripheral viewing. It was revealed that susceptible participants showed a lower OKN frequency under conditions that strongly support the occurrence of OKN than insusceptible participants. Second, this study focuses on the relationship between visual information and postural variation such as visually evoked postural responses (VEPRs). In this study, both eye movement and the center of gravity while viewing a movie were measured. Additionally, we evaluated the difference in the transfer gain of the transfer function (vision as input and equilibrium function as output) due to the type of movie content or way of viewing. The gain for the three-dimensional movie with peripheral viewing exceeded that for the two-dimensional movie with central viewing. Third, this study focuses on eye movement and the application of deep-learning technology. In this study, we classified the eye movement as peripheral or central using a convolutional deep neural network with supervised learning. Then, cross validation was performed to test the classification accuracy. The use of >1-s eye movement data yielded an accuracy of >90%.Samples from eleven birds (chicken, dove and peacock) with symptoms of fowlpox, caused by the avipoxvirus (APV), were collected in seven different areas of the Windhoek district, Namibia between April and October 2021. A fragment of the 4b core protein and the DNA polymerase gene of APV were amplified by PCR from the DNA of the samples and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the viruses present in the chickens all belonged to clade A1 while the viruses in the doves and peacock were from subclade A3.1. This is the first report of subclade A3.1 avipoxvirus in peacock. In addition, all of the samples obtained from chickens were shown by PCR to be positive for the integration of reticuloendotheliosis virus while those from the doves and peacocks were negative. This study is the first characterization of avipoxvirus in Namibia and provides additional information on the presence of avipoxvirus in southern Africa.To strengthen farm biosecurity, wildlife behaviors around livestock environments require significant attention. Livestock feed is considered one of essential factors that attract wildlife to the livestock environment. We experimentally studied wildlife response to cattle, swine, and chicken concentrated feeds in the forests surrounding poultry farms. In 14 feeding sites, four feed conditions were established without feed (control); cattle feed; chicken feed; and swine feed. Wildlife behaviors at each feed point were monitored using infrared cameras. In 3,175 videos, 10 mammals were photographed on 10 or more occasions. Wildlife more frequently appeared at the points with feed than without feed. In addition, the number of videos that captured foraging or interest behaviors was largest for swine feed, followed by chicken feed, then cattle feed. There was a large difference among wildlife in their response to livestock feeds, although each species did not have a strong preference for a specific feed. Livestock feeds invite frequent visits by high and moderate response groups, especially omnivores and carnivores with omnivorous tendencies. Therefore, to protect against such wildlife intrusion, leftover feed and feed storage must be properly managed. This study also suggests that livestock feeds may not cause intrusions by rare response group species; hence, if their intrusions occur, they may be due to factors other than livestock feed. The study situation can partly reflect actual feed-stealing situations. The results will contribute to consider the properly management to protect livestock environments from wildlife intrusions.Both iontophoresis (IP) and electroporation (EP) can be utilized to increase the penetration of relatively high molecular pharmaceutical and/or cosmeceutical compounds into the stratum corneum (SC), the uppermost layer of the skin. However, few reports exist on which molecular weights are capable of penetrating the SC, although low molecular compounds of less than 500 Da have been found to readily permeate the skin barrier. In our investigation, we applied fluorescein amine-labeled sodium hyaluronate to porcine aural skin after treatment by IP alone or EP + IP. Each layer of the SC was then tape stripped several times. The stripped SC sheets were observed using a confocal laser scanning microscope to determine the relative amounts of sodium hyaluronate present. The results confirmed that the molecular weight of sodium hyaluronate that penetrated the SC was higher with EP + IP than with IP alone. A high correlation was also established between the quantity of sodium hyaluronate that penetrated and its molecular weight following combined EP + IP treatment.
