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Our findings suggest that eating family meals, discussing personal matters with youth, and providing them with pocket money, may protect young adults in South Africa from risky sexual behavior.The level of Chad's government expenditure on health is a predictor of the general health of the population and, consequently, life expectancy. We used data from the World Bank's World Development Indicators and publications from the World Health Organization to assess the state of maternal and infant health and mortality. The primary objective of this research was to investigate whether Chad had reduced the risk of maternal and infant mortality after signing the Abuja Declaration in 2001. We hypothesised that increased general government health expenditure was associated with improved health mediated by increased numbers of skill health workers and minimum out-of-pocket health expenditure. CPI-203 chemical structure Our secondary objective was to assess effective implementations of health policies in line with the Millennium Development Goals that Chad has agreed to achieve by 2015. We observed that, as of 2015, the government health expenditure was only 6.28% and the population out-of-pocket spending was over 56%. Furthermore, only 20% of women give birth in a hospital. These results led to three major policies recommendations in order to improve maternal and infant health in Chad skilled birth attendants training, enhanced social status of nurses, and the development of a supplemental nutrition care program for women.Journal of Biomedical Optics editor-in-chief Brian W. Pogue outlines a revision of scope for the journal.SIGNIFICANCE Although the clinical potential for Raman spectroscopy (RS) has been anticipated for decades, it has only recently been used in neurosurgery. Still, few devices have succeeded in making their way into the operating room. With recent technological advancements, however, vibrational sensing is poised to be a revolutionary tool for neurosurgeons. AIM We give a summary of neurosurgical workflows and key translational milestones of RS in clinical use and provide the optics and data science background required to implement such devices. APPROACH We performed an extensive review of the literature, with a specific emphasis on research that aims to build Raman systems suited for a neurosurgical setting. RESULTS The main translatable interest in Raman sensing rests in its capacity to yield label-free molecular information from tissue intraoperatively. Systems that have proven usable in the clinical setting are ergonomic, have a short integration time, and can acquire high-quality signal even in suboptimal conditions. Moreover, because of the complex microenvironment of brain tissue, data analysis is now recognized as a critical step in achieving high performance Raman-based sensing. CONCLUSIONS The next generation of Raman-based devices are making their way into operating rooms and their clinical translation requires close collaboration between physicians, engineers, and data scientists.Guest Editors introduce the Special Section on Photodynamic Therapy for the Journal of Biomedical Optics, Volume 25, Issue 6.BACKGROUND In cancer chemotherapy, conventional drugs aim to target the rapidly growing and dividing cells at the early stages. However, at an advanced stage, cancer cells become less susceptible because of the multidrug resistance and the recruitment of alternative salvage pathways for their survival. Besides, owing to target non-selectivity, healthy proliferating cells also become vulnerable to the damage. The combination therapies offered using flavonoids to cure cancer not only exert an additive effect against cancer cells by targetting supplementary cell carnage pathways but also hampers the drug resistance mechanisms. Thus, the review aims to discuss the potential and pharmacokinetic limitations of flavonoids in cancer treatment. Further successful synergistic studies reported using flavonoids to treat cancer has been described along with potential drug delivery systems. METHODS A literature search was done by searching various online databases like Pubmed, Scopus, and Google Scholar with the specific ksuccessful methodologies employed to establish flavonoids as a safe and effective phytochemical class for cancer treatment. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.Kinases remain one of the major attractive therapeutic targets for a large number of indications such as cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, cardiac failure and many others. Design and development of kinase inhibitors (ATP-competitive, allosteric or covalent) is a clinically validated and successful strategy in the pharmaceutical industry. . The perks come with limitations, particularly development of resistance to highly potent and selective inhibitors. That's when the cycle needs to be repeated, i.e., design and development of kinase inhibitors active against the mutated forms. The complexity of tumor milieu makes it awfully difficult for these molecularly-targeted therapies to work. Every year newer and better versions of these agents are introduced in the clinic. Several computational approaches such as structure-, ligand-based or hybrid ones continue to live up to their potential in discovering novel kinase inhibitors. Newer throught processes in this area continue to emerge, e.g., development of dual-target k epub@benthamscience.net.BACKGROUND Different parts of Psidium guajava are consumed as food and for medicinal purposes around the world, and studies have reported their antiproliferative effects via different biochemical mechanisms. Yet, the modulatory effects of compounds derived from this plant on epigenetic modification of DNA molecules via histone deacetylases (HDACs) are largely unknown. OBJECTIVE This in silico study was carried out to investigate the binding propensity of Psidium guajava-derived compounds on the activities of histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) and histone deacetylase 10 (HDAC10), for possible application as anticancer agents. METHODS 59 guava-derived compounds and apicidin, a standard HDAC inhibitor, were docked with HDAC6 and HDAC10 using AutodockVina after modeling (SWISS-MODEL server) and validating (ERRAT and VERIFY-3D) the structure of HDAC10, while their molecular interactions with the HDACs were viewed with Discovery Studio Visualizer. Binding sites, surface structural pockets, active sites, area, shape and volume of every pocket, and internal cavities of proteins were predicted using Computed Atlas of Surface Topography of proteins (CASTp) server, while Absorption, Distribution Metabolism and Excretion (ADME) study of notable compounds was done using Swiss online ADME web tool. RESULTS 2α-hydroxyursolic acid, asiatic acid, betulinic acid, crategolic acid, guajadial A and B, guavacoumaric acid, guavanoic acid, ilelatifol D, isoneriucoumaric acid, jacoumaric acid, oleanolic acid, psiguadial A, B and C demonstrated maximum interaction with the selected HDACs. ADME studies reveal that although isoneriucoumaric and jacoumaric acid ranked very high as HDAC inhibitors, they both violated the Lipinski’s rule of 5. CONCLUSION This study identified 13 drugable guava-derived compounds that can be enlisted for further studies as potential HDAC6 and HDAC10 inhibitors. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.INTRODUCTION The present study deals with the effect of Nectaroscordum koelzi fruit extract on acute and chronic inflammation. METHODS Totally, 84 NMRI mice were used in this study. The extract effect on acute inflammation was analyzed by increasing vascular permeability via acetic acid and xylene induced ear edema among mice. The extract was evaluated in terms of effects on chronic inflammation by means of the cotton pellet test among mice. For the assessment of inflammation degree, the mice paw edema volume was measured by the plethysmometric test. RESULTS The findings showed that the extract was effective on acute inflammation induced by acetic acid in mice. In the xylene ear edema, N. koelzi extract indicated the significant activity in mice. In the cotton pellet method, the methanol extract produced a significant reduction in comparison with the control and dexamethasone. Mice paw edema volume decreased with the extract. CONCLUSION In general, the data from the experiments indicated that the methanol extract of N. koelzi has an anti-inflammatory effect on acute and chronic inflammation. However, the exact contributing mechanisms have not been investigated for the pharmacological effects. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.Over the past decade, our increased understanding of the interactions between the immune system and cancer cells has led to paradigm shifts in the clinical management of solid and hematologic malignancies. The incorporation of immune-targeted strategies into the treatment landscape of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), however, has been challenging. While this is in part due to the inability of the immune system to mount an effective tumor-specific immunogenic response against the heterogeneous nature of AML, the decreased immunogenicity of AML cells also represents a major obstacle in the effort to design effective immunotherapeutic strategies. In fact, AML cells have been shown to employ sophisticated escape mechanisms to evade elimination, such as direct immunosuppression of natural killer cells and decreased surface receptor expression leading to impaired recognition by the immune system. Yet, cellular and humoral immune reactions against tumor associated antigens (TAA) of acute leukemia cells have been reported and the success of allogeneic stem cell transplantation and monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of AML clearly provides proof that an immunotherapeutic approach is feasible in the management of this disease. This review discusses the recent progress and persisting challenges in cellular immunotherapy for patients with AML. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.BACKGROUND p75ECD-Fc is a recombinant human protein that was recently developed as a novel therapy for Alzheimer's disease. Current studies showed that it is able to alleviate Alzheimer's disease pathologies in animal models of dementia. Thus, knowledge about the pharmacokinetic behavior and tissue distribution of this novel protein is crucial in order to better understand its pharmacodynamics and more importantly for its clinical development. METHODS The aim of this study is to characterize the pharmacokinetics of p75ECD-Fc after single intravenous and subcutaneous injection of 3mg/kg in Sprague Dawley rats. We calculated the bioavailability of the SC route penetrate the blood brain barrier. It showed high in-vitro stability in human plasma. and studied the distribution of that protein in different tissues, cerebrospinal fluid and urine using ELISA and immunofluorescence techniques. In-vitro stability of the drug was also assessed. Data obtained were analyzed with Non-compartmental pharmacokinetic method using R. RESULTS Results showed that the bioavailability of SC route was 66.15%. Half-life time was 7.5 ± 1.7 and 6.2 ± 2.4 days for IV and SC injection, respectively. Tissue distribution of p75ECD-Fc was modest with ability to penetrate the blood brain barrier. It showed high in-vitro stability in human plasma. CONCLUSION these acceptable pharmacokinetic properties of p75ECD-Fc present it as a potential candidate for clinical development for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.