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As regards clinical outcome, four patients were successfully treated and were subsequently discharged, while one patient died following respiratory complications and subsequent brain death. IVT colistin administration is an effective therapy for MDR post-neurosurgical meningitis and its administration is also prescribed by guidelines. However, IVT therapy for Gram-negative ventriculitis is mostly understudied. Our paper adds evidence for such treatment that can actually be considered life-saving.Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), a live, attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis, is the essential constituent of the vaccine against tuberculosis and the gold-standard adjuvant treatment for urothelial cancer of the bladder. Being a live, attenuated strain with a potential pathogenic action, bacilli can cause several complications, both locally near the inoculation site and remotely through blood dissemination. BCG-related disease can represent a side effect of anti-TB vaccination in patient with congenital or acquired immunodeficiency or a complication of the therapeutic schedule in oncologic patients. Herein we report five cases of BCG-related disease which occurred at the Infectious Diseases Department of the University Hospital of Palermo during a five-year period from January 2014 to December 2019.Respiratory symptoms are the most common presentation of an acute COVID-19 infection, but thromboembolic phenomena, encephalopathy and other neurological symptoms have been reported. With these case series, we present multiple presentations of COVID-19 induced vestibular symptoms namely dizziness, vertigo and nystagmus. The patients reported in this case series are from different parts of the world, belong to different age groups and had manifested these symptoms in different periods of the pandemic. The pathophysiology of vestibular neuritis induced by COVID-19 is similar to any other viral infection. Whether in the inpatient or outpatient settings, COVID-19 should be considered in the differential diagnosis for patients presenting with these symptoms, irrespective of the presence of respiratory symptoms or hypoxia.Dengue fever should be included in the differential diagnosis of febrile illness even if another infection such as COVID-19 has been found in returning travellers from tropical and sub-tropical area where dengue virus circulates epidemically. We describe a 40-year-old man diagnosed with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 and dengue fever during the COVID-19 outbreak in Milan, Italy.Cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation is a major cause of morbidity and mortality after organ or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Letermovir (LTV) is a novel antiviral agent approved for CMV prophylaxis after allogeneic transplantation. In this single-center real-world study, we evidenced the efficacy and safety of LTV for CMV prophylaxis in allogeneic HSCT recipients. A total of 133 consecutive patients who underwent autologous or allogeneic HSCT were included in the study, and a subgroup of 13 allogeneic HSCT recipients received CMV prophylaxis with LTV 240 mg/daily from day +7 to +100 (allo-LTV cohort). TBPM-PI All patients in the allo-LTV cohort were at moderate or high risk of reactivation based on donor/recipient serology status, and 62% also received haploidentical HSCT and cyclophosphamide which further increased the CMV reactivation risk. CMV infection rate was also compared to that observed in allogeneic HSCT patients without CMV prophylaxis and autologous recipients who have the lowest reported CMV infection incidence and were used as a control cohort. In our experience, patients receiving LTV showed a significant decline in CMV reactivation incidence to similar rates described in autologous HSCT recipients (7.7% of allogeneic LTV-treated vs 68% of allogeneic recipients without prophylaxis vs 15% of autologous patients; p> 0.0001). The only patient in the allo-LTV cohort with CMV reactivation was a 25-year-old female with a diagnosis of very high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia who received a haploidentical HSCT after ex vivo T cell depletion. CMV reactivation occurred beyond LTV course, at +187 days from transplantation. In addition, we confirmed efficacy and safety of valganciclovir 450 mg/daily as pre-emptive therapy or for treatment of CMV disease in allogeneic and autologous HSCT recipients who experienced CMV reactivation even after LTV prophylaxis. However, further clinical trials in larger populations and longer follow-up are required to confirm our preliminary results.Viruses are frequent causal agents of acute respiratory infections and the most common are influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human parainfluenza virus (HPIV), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), rhinovirus (RV), adenovirus (AdV) and the four endemic human coronaviruses (HCoV) -229E, -NL63, -OC43, -HKU1. Multiplex real-time PCR platforms are becoming increasingly common in laboratories mostly in relation to the increased diagnostic sensitivity and reduced turnaround time. The aim of our study was to determine the prevalence of respiratory viruses in a population of patients within the S.S. Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo General Hospital catchment area of Alessandria, Italy, from January 2016 to June 2020. Therefore, we retrospectively analyzed the results of multiplex real-time PCR performed on nasopharyngeal swabs collected from consecutive patients with symptoms of respiratory infection. A total of 572 patients were included in the study subdivided as follows pediatric 197/572 (34.4%), adults 2asonality, a significantly higher prevalence of influenza virus (p less then 0.0001) and RSV (p=0.029) was found during winter, with peaks in January-February. AdV peaked during winter 2018-2019 (p=0.004), while HCoV were detected with a significantly higher prevalence during winter 2019-2020 (p=0.037). With regard to HPIV, a significant peak from summer to fall 2018 was observed (p=0.016). Most viral respiratory infections have seasonal patterns and the prevalence of respiratory viruses varies according to the method, geographic area and population considered. Knowledge of local epidemiology is therefore crucial for implementation of prevention and treatment strategies.