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nel gene mutation and acquired epilepsy.

Together, these data demonstrate a novel pathophysiology for genetic epilepsy, increased neuroinflammation, which is a common mechanism for acquired epilepsy. The findings thus provide the first link of neuroinflammation between genetic epilepsy associated with an ion channel gene mutation and acquired epilepsy.This manuscript examines the structural causes of the gender gap in political interest. In many countries, men are more interested in politics than women. Yet, in others, men and women prove equally interested. We explain this cross-national variation by focusing on the effects of societal religiosity. Since religion sustains the traditional gender order, contexts where societal religiosity is low undermine the taken-for-grantedness of this order, subjecting it to debate. Men then become especially interested in politics to try to reassert their traditional gender dominance, or to compensate for their increasingly uncertain social status. A secular environment thus increases political interest more among men than among women, expanding this gender gap. Using the World and European Values Survey, we estimate three-level regression models and test our religiosity-based approach in 96 countries. The results are consistent with our hypothesis.Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic and caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which has resulted in millions of deaths worldwide. Reports denote SARS-CoV-2 uses angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) as its primary entry point into the host cell. However, understanding the biology behind this viral replication, disease mechanism and drug discovery efforts are limited due to the lack of a suitable experimental model. Here, we used single-cell RNA sequencing data of human organoids to analyze expressions of ACE2 and TMPRSS2, in addition to an array of RNA receptors to examine their role in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. ACE2 is abundant in all organoids, except the prostate and brain, and TMPRSS2 is omnipresent. Innate immune pathways are upregulated in ACE2(+) cells of all organoids, except the lungs. Besides this, the expression of low-density lipoprotein receptor is highly enriched in ACE2(+) cells in intestinal, lung, and retinal organoids, with the highest expression in lung organoids. Collectively, this study demonstrates that the organoids can be used as an experimental platform to explore this novel virus disease mechanism and for drug development.

To assess the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of eslicarbazepine acetate (ESL) monotherapy during long-term treatment.

An open-label extension (OLE) study was conducted in adults completing a phase 3, randomized, double-blind, noninferiority trial, during which they had received monotherapy with either once-daily ESL or twice-daily controlled-release carbamazepine (CBZ-CR) for newly diagnosed focal epilepsy. In the OLE study, all patients received ESL (800-1600mg/d) for 2years. Primary efficacy outcome was retention time (from baseline of the OLE study). Secondary efficacy assessments included seizure freedom rate (no seizures during the OLE study) and responder rate (≥50% seizure frequency reduction from baseline of double-blind trial). Safety assessments included evaluation of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs).

Of 206 randomized patients, 96 who received ESL in the double-blind trial (ESL/ESL) and 88 who received CBZ-CR in the double-blind trial (CBZ-CR/ESL) were treated with ESL monotherapand generally well tolerated over the long term, including in patients who transitioned from CBZ-CR monotherapy. No new safety concerns emerged.

Subjective response (SR) to acute alcohol reflects individual variance to the sensitivity of alcohol's pharmacological effects. It has been argued that measures of stimulation and sedation may not fully capture the full-range SR, with 2 novel domains proposed high arousal negative and low arousal positive. While substantial progress has been made in the field of SR and alcohol use risk, it remains unknown how these novel domains correspond to traditional SR measures. Therefore, the current study examined the latent structure of traditional and novel SR measures at rising breath alcohol concentrations (BrACs) during alcohol administration.

Heavy drinkers (n=67; 36M/31F) participated in an intravenous alcohol administration. Questionnaires assessing stimulation, sedation, mood, valence and arousal, and craving were assessed at baseline and at BrACs of 20, 40, and 60mg%. A series of exploratory factor analyses were conducted to examine the latent factor structure of SR at each time point. selleck kinase inhibitor extends upon the literature evaluating the biobehavioral effects of alcohol by examining a novel combination of SR to alcohol measures. This study demonstrates that the proposed low arousal positive domain, which loaded onto the tension reduction factor, provides novel information not captured by previous SR measures. Going forward, studies of alcohol's subjective effects should use this dimensional approach to reduce multiple comparisons across a wide range of scales and to build a literature grounded on the underlying structure of SR as a translational phenotype for AUD.

To evaluate longitudinal changes in caregiver depression, anxiety, and family relationships following resective surgery for pediatric drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE).

This multicenter cohort study involved 177 caregivers of children with DRE aged 4-18years (63 surgical and 114 nonsurgical). #link# Caregivers completed measures of depression (Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology), anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale), and satisfaction with family relationships (Family Adaptability, Partnership, Growth, Affective, and Resolve scale) at baseline, 6 months, and 1 year. Additional data collected at baseline included child, caregiver, and family sociodemographic and clinical factors as well as family environment (demands and resources).

At 1 year, 64% and 27% of surgical and nonsurgical patients were seizure-free, respectively. Linear mixed-effects models found a reduction in caregiver depression (b=-0.85, P=.004) and anxiety (b=-1.09, P=.003), but not family satisfaction (b= 0.18, P=.31) over time.