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dependent NO release and cGMP increase, as well as by calcium channels blockade.

Compound Ruteng (CRT) is a prescribed formulation based on the theory of Tibetan medicine for the treatment of yellow-water-disease. It is consisted with 7 medicinal material include Boswellia carterii Birdw (named "Ruxiang" in Chinese); Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr. (named "Kuan-Jin-Teng" in Chinese), Cassia obtusifolia L (named "Jue-Ming-Zi" in Chinese); Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medic (named "Huang-Kui-Zi" in Chinese); Terminalia chebula Retz. (named "He-Zi" in Chinese); Lamiophlomis rotata (Benth.) Kudo (named "Du-Yi-Wei" in Chinese) and Pyrethrum tatsienense (Bur. et Franch.) Ling (named "Da-Jian-Ju" in Chinese). They are widely distributed in Tibet area of China and have been used to treat rheumatism, jaundice, and skin diseases for centuries.

The present study was conducted to investigate the anti-arthritis effect of CRT and to disclose the systems pharmacology-based dissection of mechanisms.

The chemical constituents in CRT were identified using HPLC method, and CRT candidate targets against Rg to treat RA.

Synthetic drugs used for cancer treatment have side effects that may be immunosupressive, can cause liver, kidney and cardiac toxicity, and infertility and ovarian failure, among others. Thus, herbal drugs could be used in the cancer treatment as an adjuvant therapy. Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees (AP) is one of the traditional herbs used in different alternative medicinal systems such as Ayurveda, Unani, Chinese, Malayi, Siddha, etc. for the treatment of various disorders and diseases including cancer.

The aim of writing this review is to highlight the medicinal importance of AP and its main phytoconstituent andrographolide (AG). The main emphasis was given on the anticancer activity of AG, its proposed mechanisms of action, novel approaches used to improve its biopharmaceutical properties with the perspective of evidence-based research, and its development as an adjuvant therapy for cancer treatment in future.

Literature survey was conducted and research papers were retrieved from different daential applicability of AP or AG as an adjuvant therapy in cancer treatment. Further research is needed before making any conclusion about the efficacy in humans as an adjuvant therapy in cancer.

In Africa, Aframomum species have been traditionally used to treat illnesses such as inflammation, hypertension, diarrhea, stomachache and fever. Moreover, Aframomum melegueta seed extracts (AMSE) are used in traditional medicine to relieve stomachaches and inflammatory diseases.

Chronic administration of diclofenac (DIC) has been reported to cause acute kidney injury (AKI), which is a serious health condition. The nephroprotective effect of AMSE is yet to be elucidated. Accordingly, this study aims to investigate the phytoconstituents of standardized AMSE, evaluate its nephroprotective effects against DIC-induced AKI in rats, and elaborate its underlying molecular mechanisms.

The quantitative estimation of major AMSE constituents and profiling of its secondary metabolites were conducted via RP-HPLC and LC-ESI/Triple TOF/MS, respectively. Next, DIC (50mg/kg)-induced AKI was achieved in Sprague-Dawley rats and DIC-challenged rats were administered AMSE (100 and 200mg/kg) orally. All treatments were adminl MDA, TNF-α, IL-6, Bax, and caspase-3 levels. AMSE has also improved renal tissue architecture, enhanced GSH and HO-1 levels, and upregulated renal Nrf2, AMPK, and SIRT-1 mRNA expression levels. Furthermore, AMSE suppressed NF-ҡB p65 protein and STAT3 mRNA expression, and further reduced c-Myc immunohistochemical expression in renal tissues. Overall, our findings revealed that AMSE counteracted DIC-induced AKI via its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic activities. Moreover, AMSE activated Nrf2/HO1 and AMPK/SIRT1, and inhibited NF-ҡB/STAT3 signaling pathways. Therefore, AMSE is a promising agent for inhibiting DIC-induced nephrotoxicity.

Tectona grandis L.f (or syn Jatus grandis (L.f.) Kuntze Revis), from family Lamiaceae, also known as Teak, is widely recognized in ayurvedic system of medicine and confer curative potential against inflammation, liver disorders, biliousness, diabetes, bronchitis, leprosy and dysentery. Its leaves are rich source of edible food colorant and reported nontoxic for liver and various organs.

Hepatic injury progression to liver cirrhosis and cancer is a serious health issue across the world. Currently, anti-fibrotic therapeutic options are limited and expensive with no FDA approved direct anti-hepato-fibrotic drug validated in clinic. Thus, the aim of this study was to understand ameliorative effect of Tectona grandis L.f, leaves in early liver fibrosis.

C57BL/6 mice suffering from CCl

induced liver injury, were orally administered at three different doses (50, 100 & 200mg/kg) of Tectona grandis L.f, leaf extract, thrice a week, up to 4 and 8 weeks. Anti-fibrotic effect was evaluated through animal bodygrandis L.f, leaves have potential to ameliorate liver fibrosis induced by CCl4 in mice via modulation of TGF-β1/Smad pathway and upregulated MMP3/TIMP1 ratio.

The genus Aloe has a long history of usage in medicine. Aloe barbadensis Miller, commonly known as Aloe vera, is said to possess anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-microbial, immunomodulation, wound healing properties.

In diabetes mellitus, loss in intestinal permeability is observed with high levels of zonulin and low levels of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) leading to hyperglycemia. The aim of the study was to understand the role of peptide/polypeptide fraction (PPF) of Aloe vera in the alleviation of diabetes through maintaining the intestinal permeability by regulating the zonulin and GLP-1 levels.

The PPF of Aloe vera was obtained through trichloroacetic acid precipitation. The anti-diabetic potential of the PPF was tested through DPP-IV inhibition, glucose diffusion assay, and by using Rin-m5F cells. The anti-diabetic potential of the PPF was tested at a dose of 0.450mg/kg bw in vivo using streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats. The effect of PPF on fasting plasma glucose, i PPF of Aloe vera alleviates diabetes through islet cell rejuvenation via GLP-1/DPP-IV pathway and thereby suggesting the usage of PPF as an alternate medicine for diabetes mellitus with the possibility to reduce the intestinal permeability and zonulin levels.

Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees is widely used all over the world, especially in subtropical regions such as India, Thailand, Vietnam, and China. check details As a traditional folk Chinese medicine, A. paniculata has been extensively utilized for the treatment of cold, fever, sore throat, cough, carbuncle, and sores, and it is commonly employed for 'clearing heat and resolving toxicity'. Typical symptoms of 'heat and toxicity' include swollen, painful gums, associated with virus-related diseases to a great extent. In vivo and in vitro experiments have demonstrated the potential antiviral properties of A. paniculata and identified its major active constituents against various viruses.

This review focuses on connecting the traditional 'clearing heat and resolving toxicity' effect to compelling recent research advances on the antiviral effects of A. paniculata, explaining its major antiviral mechanisms, and assessing the shortcomings of existing work. Besides, ethnobotany, ethnopharmacological uses, phytochemicalsto its antiviral properties.

There are plant species used in the Mexican traditional medicine for the empirical treatment of anxiety and depression.

This work assessed the prevalence of self-medication with medicinal plants and the prevalence of the concomitant use of prescribed psychiatric drugs and medicinal plants for treating symptoms associated with anxiety and depression during the Covid-19 lockdown in Mexico.

The suspected adverse reactions associated with drug-herb interactions were assessed. The factors associated with self-medication, the concomitant use of herb-drug combinations, and the presence of adverse reactions due their combined use is also reported. The study was descriptive and cross-sectional using an online questionnaire conducted among population with symptoms associated with anxiety and depression (n=2100) from seven states of central-western Mexico.

The prevalence of the use of herbs (61.9%) and the concomitant use of drug-herb combinations (25.3%) were associated with being diagnosed with mental illness [OR2.195 (1.655-2.912)] and the use of psychiatric medications [OR307.994 (178.609-531.107)], respectively. The presence of adverse reactions (n=104) by the concomitant use of drug-herb combinations was associated with being unemployed [p=0.004, OR 3.017 (1.404-6.486)].

Health professionals should be aware if their patients concomitantly use medicinal plants and psychiatric drugs. Public health campaigns should promote the possible adverse reactions that might produce the concomitant use of drug-herb combinations for mental illnesses.

Health professionals should be aware if their patients concomitantly use medicinal plants and psychiatric drugs. Public health campaigns should promote the possible adverse reactions that might produce the concomitant use of drug-herb combinations for mental illnesses.

The decoction from the stem bark of Psychotria camptopus (Rubiaceae) is used in the Cameroonian pharmacopoeia to treat neurological pathologies including epilepsy.

The present work was undertaken to study the anticonvulsant properties of the aqueous (AE) and methanol (ME) extracts from the stem bark of P. camptopus in acute models of epileptic seizures in Wistar rats.

AE and ME were obtained by decoction and maceration of the stem bark powder in water and methanol, respectively. They were tested orally at the doses of 40, 80 and 120mg/kg, on the latency of onset and duration of epileptic seizures induced by pentylene tetrazole (PTZ, 70mg/kg, i.p.). The kinetic effect of both extracts at 120mg/kg was evaluated. Their effects on diazepam (50mg/kg) induced sleep and strychnine (STR, 2.5mg/kg, i.p.) induced seizures were determined. ME was further tested on picrotoxin (PIC, 7.5mg/kg, i.p.) and thiosemicarbazide (TSC, 50mg/kg, i.p.) induced seizure models. The phytochemical composition of ME was assessed usininol, Emetine and Hodkinsine). In conclusion, AE and ME from the stem bark of P. camptopus have comparable anticonvulsant properties. The effect of ME is likely due to the presence of flavonoids and alkaloid and the activation of GABA pathway. These results further justify and support the use of P. camptopus in traditional medicine for the treatment of epilepsy.

Syagrus coronata, popularly known as licuri, is a palm native to caatingas. The fixed oil extract of licuri nuts is used by the population of Northeast Brazil for therapeutic purposes, including as an antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and a cicatrizant agent. However, there is no scientific information on the possible harmful health effects of the oil and hence its medicinal usability is unknown.

We aimed to analyze the biological safety and possible antioxidant activity of fixed S. Coronata oil.

Chemical analysis of the oil was performed using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (CG-FID). The cytotoxicity of varying concentrations of the oil (12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200μg/mL) was evaluated using the tetrazolium reduction assay in three cell lines HEK-293 kidney embryonic cells, J774.A1 macrophages, and the tumor line Sarcoma-180 (S-180). Oral toxicity, genotoxicity, and mutagenicity tests were performed in mice which were administered a single dose of 2000mg/kg of fixed licuri oil, by gavage.